Electroconvulsive therapy: History, efficacy, adverse effects and its non-psychiatric applications

Abstract

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a somatic treatment involving controlled electrical stimulation to induce seizures, has evolved significantly since its introduction in 1938 by Cerletti and Bini. This review examines the historical development, therapeutic efficacy, and current applications of ECT in non-psychiatric medicine. Originally developed as an alternative to treatments like lobotomy and insulin therapy, ECT has proven particularly effective in treating severe depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and catatonia. While the precise mechanism remains incompletely understood, ECT is believed to modify brain chemistry through neurotransmitter modulation and hippocampal neurogenesis. The review addresses common adverse effects, which are typically mild and transient, including temporary confusion, memory loss, and physical discomfort. Beyond its established psychiatric applications, emerging evidence suggests potential benefits in treating non-psychiatric conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, chronic pain, and eating disorders. Despite its demonstrated efficacy, ECT remains underutilized due to public misconceptions, highlighting the need for improved education and awareness among both medical practitioners and the general public.