Impact of hormonal contraceptives on the mental health of reproductive age women

Abstract

Hormonal contraceptives, which include oral pills, injectables, implants, and intrauterine devices, have revolutionized reproductive health by offering effective family planning options and management of gynecological conditions. However, their impact on women’s mental health remains a subject of debate. This review explores the relationship between hormonal contraceptive use and mental health outcomes, with a focus on depression, anxiety, and mood disorders among women of reproductive age. A comprehensive examination of population-based studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trials reveals mixed findings. While some studies suggest a potential link between hormonal contraceptive use, particularly combination pills, and an increased risk of depression and mood disturbances, others report no significant association. The biological mechanisms underlying these effects may involve alterations in neurotransmitter regulation, hormone receptor sensitivity, and the disruption of estrogen and progesterone levels, which are key to mood stabilization. Special attention is given to vulnerable groups, such as adolescents and women with a prior history of mental health disorders, who may be at higher risk of experiencing adverse mood effects. The variability in study outcomes underscores the need for personalized contraceptive counseling that includes mental health screening and monitoring. By facilitating informed decision-making, healthcare providers can better support women in choosing the most suitable contraceptive method while safeguarding their mental well-being. Future research is needed to clarify the long-term mental health impacts of hormonal contraceptives and to identify those most at risk of negative outcomes.