ChemSearch Journal

Comparative analysis of 15% and 20% NaOH modified kaolinite clay samples

2025-02-12T07:58:04+00:00

This study investigated the effects of 15% and 20% NaOH treatment on clay samples with the aim of improving the surface characteristics and adsorption capacity for wastewater treatment. The morphological, chemical composition and molecular properties of the raw and modified clay samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results obtained showed that the 15% and 20% NaOH treatment improved the surface properties of the clay samples. Additionally, the absence of peak at 3059 cm^-1 in the raw clay spectrum was notable in the FTIR spectra, as it corresponds to O-H bending due to adsorbed water. Also, a similar outcome was observed for 15% and 20% modified clay samples, the peaks observed between 3200-2500 cm^-1 indicated O-H stretching vibration, while those between 2160-2120 cm^-1 signify -N stretching vibration. Thus, we believe the modification of surface properties of the modified clay samples will improve the adsorption capacity of different contaminants present in wastewater.

Toxicological profile, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of 4-phenyl-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) pyrimidin-2-ylamine

2025-02-12T08:09:26+00:00

In our search for valuable therapeutics, a series of diarylaminopyrimidine (DAP) analogues have been synthesized and characterized. In this study, one of the DAPs, 4-phenyl-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) pyrimidin-2-ylamine, was assessed for its toxicological profile and screened for in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method was used for the in vitro antioxidant studies and the IC₅₀ values obtained were 2.37 μg/mL and 139.60 μg/mL for the standard (ascorbic acid) and DAP, respectively. According to the in vivo studies, 50 mg/kg DAP prevented the increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, significantly inhibited the decrease in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and normalized superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the blood of albino rats in the treated groups compared with those in the ethanol (negative control) group. Oral administration of synthesized DAP at 5000 mg/kg did not produce any toxic or adverse effects and no mortality was recorded after 24 hours. Our findings suggest that 4-phenyl-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) pyrimidin-2-ylamine, holds some promise as a potential starting material for the production of drugs that can mitigate degenerative diseases.

Human health risk assessment of heavy metals, and bacteriological analysis of cassava flakes (garri) sold in major markets in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue, Nigeria

2025-02-12T08:15:45+00:00

Today, food safety is a global primary priority determinant, surpassing nutritional quality and cost, in foods choices. Contaminants such as bacteria and heavy metals are regarded as highly disturbing and of primary health concern. This study examines the quality of road side sold cassava flakes in Makurdi. Samples from five major markets were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, for the respective heavy metals: Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn. And subsequently their potential human health risk: Daily intake of metals (DIM), Health risk index (HRI), Target hazard quotient (THQ) and Total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). Plate count bacteriological analysis was employed. In this study, Cd, Cu and Zn were detected in the respective mg/kg ranges; 1.00 - 2.25, 0.25 - 0.75 and 0.50 - 9.00. DIM (mg/kg/person) values for Cd, Cu and Zn were found to be in the ranges of, 0.011 - 0.025, 0.003 - 0.009 and 0.006 - 0.103 respectively. Further analysis showed that only Cd had HRI values > 1. On the contrary, all the metals have THQ and TTHQ values < 1. Bacteriological assessment revealed the presence of Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., and Proteus spp. in the samples in the percentage prevalence of 51.85, 18.52, 18.52 and 11.11 % respectively. Cumulative bacteria prevalence for Wurukum, North-Bank, High-Level and Wadata and Modern Market were thus; 25.93, 22.22, 18.52, and 14.81 % respectively. With Cd values above threshold limit and the prevalence of these pathogenic bacteria species, potential of metal toxicity, typhoid and Diarrhea outbreaks is imminent.

Proximate, phytochemical screening and mineral analyses of Ficur sur forssk leaves and stem bark

2025-02-12T08:20:52+00:00

Natural products such as plants remains the most readily available remedy to many of human problems. The free oxygen we breathe in comes from plants and many more nutritional and health benefits which are yet to be discovered. This is why the proximate analysis, phytochemical screening and mineral content of Ficur sur forssk leaves and stem bark were investigated. The proximate analysis, phytochemical screening and mineral content analysis were carried using standard methods. The proximate analysis of the leaves of revealed; 36.45%, 20.41% and 20.22% for carbohydrate, crude fibre and moisture content while that of the stem bark was 60.12%, 20.35% and 8.37% for carbohydrate, crude fibre and moisture content respectively. The presence of active phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, phenolics and eugenols were detected in both leaves and stem bark. Among the minerals present in both leaves and stem bark was potassium which gave the highest concentration of 19.3ppm and 17.7ppm respectively. Others were Na (15.90ppm, 12.60ppm), Ca (1.86ppm, 5.62ppm), Mg (2.91ppm, 1.63ppm), Fe (2.60ppm, 5.30 ppm) and Cr (0.08ppm, 0.05). This study suggests that the plant samples have useful phytochemicals and minerals which can have useful pharmacological effects and also serve as nutritional supplements.

Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of the extracts from the stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea

2025-02-12T08:29:15+00:00

Sclerocarya birrea is a medicinal plant used in herbal medicine for the treatment of various ailments, notably fever, boils and diarrhoea. Bark decoction, when mixed with other medicinal plants, treats various infections such as malaria, syphilis, dysentery and rheumatism. This work investigated the antioxidant and α-glucosidase potential of Sclerocarya birrea Stem bark. Thus, the powdered stem bark was macerated with ethanol and crude extract subsequently fractionated to afford various fractions. Evaluation of the fractions for antioxidant activity was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picryl hydrazil (DPPH) radical and α-glucosidase. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction gave IC₅₀ value of 105.41 ±14μg/ml and αglucosidase inhibition with IC₅₀ values 58.27± 5.56μg/ml. While chloroform and aqueous fractions demonstrated lower α-glucosidase inhibition of 134.03, 97.4 and 72.33 μg/ml respectively. This suggest that Sclerocarya birrea stem bark may offer compounds with non-excessive α-glucosidase inhibition activity.

Concentrations and health risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides residues in common cereal samples from Ngalda agricultural area, Yobe State, Northeastern Nigeria

2025-02-12T08:44:00+00:00

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are a well-known class of man-made chemicals frequently used to protect crops against pests giving rise to accumulation of these chemicals in foods. In the present study, the residual levels and potential health risk associated with four (4) organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion) in cereals (maize, millet, wheat and rice) samples collected from Ngalda agricultural area, Fika Local Government Area, Yobe State were analyzed. Extractions and clean-up of the samples were carried out using standard procedures. The levels of the OPPs in cereals samples were determined using GC-MS coupled with flame photometric detector. The analysis of OPPs residues in maize, millet, wheat and rice revealed that the residual levels of the studied OPPs were highest in maize samples ranging from 3.97E-01 – 6.83E-01 mg/kg. On the contrary, rice samples had the least concentrations range of 1.09E-02 - 1.06E-01 mg/kg. The detected OPPs in all the maize, millet and wheat samples exceeded corresponding maximum residue limits (MRLs). However, the levels in rice samples were all lower than the recommended MRLs. The hazard index (HI) through consumption of maize for adults (1.60E+01 - 2.23E+03) and children (2.87E+01 - 3.99E+03); millet for adults (1.11E+01 - 5.96E+02) and children (1.99E+01 - 1.07E+03); wheat for adults (7.72E+00 - 1.71E+03) and children (1.39E+01 - 4.20E+01); and rice for adults (1.46E+00 - 3.61E+02) and children (2.62E+00 - 6.47E+02). HI values were all > 1, suggesting that consumption of these cereals by both age groups from the study area might pose danger of potential health risk. Furthermore, higher risk indices were recorded for children through crop consumption than adults.

Efficient dye removal using cellulose-TiO₂ nanocomposites synthesized from millet husk

2025-02-12T08:52:22+00:00

Cellulose was successfully isolated from millet husk via the Alkaline-Hydrogen peroxide method and Cel/TiO₂ NCs were synthesized via the sol-gel process. The extracted cellulose was used to increase the adsorption efficiency of TiO₂. The adsorbents were characterized using FTIR, SEM, and XRD analysis. FTIR spectra of the nanocomposites show that the TiO₂ is bound to the hydroxyl group of the cellulose by hydrogen bonding. A batch adsorption study was carried out to test the effectiveness of the adsorbents on the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), optimum conditions for the adsorption were found to be 0.5g/100mL at an initial dye concentration of 18mg/L, 25^oC, 20 minutes and pH of 8 for MB while 25 minutes and pH 4 for MO. The crystallite size of Cel/TiO₂ NCs was calculated using the Scherrer equation to be 27.6nm. MB was effectively desorbed using 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution from the adsorbents and the adsorbent exhibited a good reusability. The adsorption data fit the pseudo-second-order model for adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir model for adsorption isotherms. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was chemisorption, spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic. These findings suggest that the adsorbents could be an economical and efficient solution for removing dyes from wastewater.

Green synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin from simulated and hospital wastewater

2025-02-12T09:02:07+00:00

This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and application of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) derived from environmentally friendly sources, specifically mixture of orange peel and rice husk extracts, for the effective removal of ciprofloxacin from simulated and hospital wastewater. The synthesized IONPs were characterized using techniques such as U-Visible spectroscopy, Dynamic light Scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunaur-Emmet-Teller (BET), which confirmed their optical properties, size/its distribution, crystalline structure, morphology, functional groups and surface area. The nanoparticles exhibited a uniform size distribution with Z-average of 94.4 nm and polydispersity index of 0.386, with peaks corresponding to several functional groups, Fe-O bond appearing at 693cm^-1 and a high surface area of 965.55 m²/g, enhancing their adsorption capacity. The efficiency of the IONPs in removing ciprofloxacin was evaluated through batch adsorption experiments with significant percentage reductions observed in both simulated and hospital wastewater. In hospital wastewater samples, the IONPs achieved removal efficiencies of up to 87.1%, indicating their practical applicability in real-world scenarios. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model (R²= 0.9973), suggesting that the adsorption rate is influenced by the availability of active sites on the nanoparticles. Isotherm studies were conducted using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models, with the Freundlich model providing the best fit (R² = 0.99536), indicating heterogeneous adsorption on the nanoparticle surface. The findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized IONPs as an effective and sustainable solution for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater, contributing to environmental remediation efforts and public health protection.

Seasonal variation of selected mineral elements in raw cow milk obtained from Benin City, Nigeria

2025-02-12T09:06:27+00:00

Inter dependence exists between food quality indices and their supporting environment. Therefore, in this work, raw cow milk samples collected during the wet and dry seasons in Benin City, Nigeria, were investigated for some mineral elements. Specifically, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the raw cow milk samples were investigated. It is discernible from results, that Ca with mean total of 121.680±19.386mg/kg for samples collected during the wet season and mean total of 120.822±13.762mg/kg for samples collected during the dry season, occurred most among the examined mineral elements. On the other hand, Pb with mean total of 0.027±0.009mg/kg for samples collected during the wet season and mean total of 0.017±0.004mg/kg for samples collected during the dry season was the lowest occurring. Results further indicated that variations occurred in the levels of occurrence of the examined mineral elements with respect to the season of sampling. The remarked variations were statistically significant (P<0.05). It is hoped that findings from this work would be beneficial to milk handlers.

Comparative studies of Fe(III) chitosan nanoparticle n-benzaldehyde Schiff base and Fe(III) chitosan n-benzaldehyde Schiff base

2025-02-12T09:33:07+00:00

The present study was made by synthesizing Fe(III) chitosan nanoparticle n-benzaldehyde Schiff base (Fe(III)CnSb) and Fe(III) chitosan n-benzaldehyde Schiff base (Fe(III)CSb). The two materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractogram (XRD) and evaluated using the disc diffusion method against three gram-positive bacteria, two gram-negative bacteria and two fungi. The diffracted peaks of the Fe(III) chitosan nanoparticle n-benzaldehyde Schiff base showed peaks at 2θ=240 and 420 relative to the peak of Fe(III) chitosan n-benzaldehyde Schiff base of 2θ = 22.50 and 340. The difference in peak shift was attributed to the ionic bonding of Fe(III) complexation with the benzaldehyde mixture of the chitosan-Tpp backbone structure. Fe(III) chitosan nanoparticle n-benzaldehyde Schiff base has more antimicrobial activities than Fe(III) chitosan n-benzaldehyde Schiff base against the same bacteria and fungi tested

Chemical, antibacterial and antioxidant assessment of Persea americana seeds, leaves, and stem bark extract and in-silico pharmacokinetic properties of the prominent compounds

2025-02-12T09:37:41+00:00

This work aims to identify the bioactive compound in the seeds, leaves, and stem bark of P. americana (avocado pear) responsible for some of its medicinal properties, as well as to examine the pharmacological properties. The phytochemical analyses confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids in the seeds, leaves, and stem bark of Persea americana (avocado pear) at variable compositions. From the GC-MS analysis, fifteen, twenty-three, and twenty-four compounds were identified in the seeds, leaves, and stem bark of which dodecanoic acid (33.326%), phytol (27.583%), and cis-verbenol (8.927%) as the most prominent compounds respectively. The extracts showed potent growth inhibition against five pathogenic bacteria organisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) in comparison with gentamicin used as a standard antibacterial agent. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method with ascorbic acid as a reference standard. The extracts showed significant antioxidant activity at minimum and maximum concentrations of 25 and 400 μg/ml. The stem bark extract (24.445 – 94.025 %) showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by the seeds extract (23.445 – 91.575 %) before the leaves extract (22.530 – 89.775 %). Comparatively, the highest antibacterial and antioxidant activity exhibited by the stem bark extract could be attributed to the amount of bioactive compounds present in it as shown by the GC/MS analysis. The docking result of the prominent compounds showed that all of the test compounds had negative binding affinities, indicating that the compounds had been successfully docked to the receptors. The compounds showed good pharmacokinetic properties, such as high blood-brain barrier absorption, oral bioavailability, and water solubility, in the in-silico ADME and drug-likeness predictions. The findings in this research give credence to the compounds as promising potential drug candidates for the treatment and management of diseases and infections in herbal medicine.

Solid state synthesis, characterization, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial studies of some guanine complexes

2025-02-12T09:41:05+00:00

Metal (II) carbonates (Mn, Ni, Zn) were ground mechanochemically to produce guanine complexes.. Elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, melting/decomposition temperature determination and conductivity tests were used to characterize the synthesized complexes. The infrared spectroscopic analysis of the ligand shows a peak at 1674cm^-1 which can be assign to the presence of azomethane in guanine while the shift to1566-1640 cm^-1 confirmed bond formation from azo-group to metal, while the appearance of new peak at 559-592cm^-1 and 440-452cm^-1 was due to deprotonated amine(-NH) and ring nitrogen respectively confirm complexation. The guanine ligand's melting point temperature of 3600C indicates its stability at high temperatures, whereas the complex's decomposition temperature of over 3600C indicates its extreme stability. Comparing the complexes to the theoretical values, conductivity measurement reveals that they are non-electrolytic (29.0-60.6 × 10^-6 Ω^-1cm² mol^-1). At high concentrations (4000 μg/disc and 500 μg/disc), the ligand and its corresponding complexes demonstrated antimicrobial properties against a variety of bacteria and fungi, and their anti-oxidant activity was assessed using the IC50 range (0.00–98.4μg/ml).

Mechanical properties and shrinkage temperature of a leather tanned using extract of cashew nut testa (NILEST-Tan C)

2025-02-12T09:46:45+00:00

Considering the environmental impact poised by chrome tanning agent in the leather industries, NILEST-Tan C was developed as an alternative tanning agent which is organic in nature and eco-friendly. The percentage offer of the tanning agent was varied as, 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, 12 %, 15 % and 30 % for control. Consequently, the tanned leathers were characterized based on their mechanical properties and shrinkage temperature. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, percentage elongation and ball-burst of the tanned leathers increased with increase in the percentage offer of the tanning agent. The optimum tensile strength obtained at 15 % offers of the NILEST-Tan C was 25.41 MPa which is relatively higher than the control (crude testa powder) having 24.09 MPa at 30 % offers. In the case of % elongation, 12 % offer recorded the highest % elongation of 66.26 % and the control (crude testa powder) is 56.49 % at 30 % offer. The thermal properties of the tanned leathers in terms of shrinkage temperature were studied and 15 % offer of NILEST-Tan C has the highest shrinkage temperature of 72ºC, while the control (crude testa powder) at 30 % offer registered a shrinkage temperature of 74ºC. Thus, considering the good tensile strength recorded by the leathers, the tanned leathers can be used as shoe upper leather, upholstery and garment leather owing to the fact that the standard minimum value is 12 MPa.

Phytochemical and acute toxicity screening, in vivo antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of Morinda citrifolia seeds extracts

2025-02-12T10:26:56+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) seed extracts in animal models alongside phytochemical and acute toxicity assessments. The aqueous extract was subjected to phytochemical screening using established methods, and the acute toxicity was determined using an adaption of Lorke’s method. The powdered sample was successively extracted to obtain MC-HEX, MC-DCM, MC-DCM/ME, and MC-Met crude extracts. The antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts were evaluated in vivo in albino rats. The in vivo antipyretic activity was assessed using a brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia model. Data were expressed as the mean ± S.E.M, and ANOVA was used to compare differences between the treatment groups and negative control. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in plant extract. Acute toxicity tests showed no mortality or observable toxic effects at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. The results demonstrated that MC-DCM and MC-ME extracts at 200 mg/kg bw showed significant antipyretic activities compared to the negative control (p<0.05), and also results showed that MC-HEX and MC-ME at 200 mg/kg caused a significant (p < 0.05) percentage inhibition of inflammation in the xylene-induced ear oedema compared to the negative control. Results of the study showed that Noni seed extract possesses significant antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. These findings highlight that Noni seed extract holds the potential for developing antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents and alternatives to NSAIDS and steroids. Further studies are warranted to isolate and characterise the active compounds for drug development.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-fungal activity of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) complexes of 5-Bromosalicylidene -2-Nitroaniline

2025-02-12T10:30:24+00:00

The synthesis, characterization and the antifungal activities of some selected transition metal complexes (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺) were carried out. The salts of these metals were complexed with the Schiff base obtained from 5-Bromosalicylaldehyde and 2-Nitroaniline yielding the compound; 5 – Bromosalicylidene – 2- nitroaniline complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II). The new compounds were characterized on the basis of physicochemical properties, spectral analysis (FTIR, UV-visible), molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility and PXRD analysis. The metal complexes exhibited various range of colours such as dark green, dark brown and milk white with the Schiff base being dark yellow; giving yields of 69.2, 56.7 and 62.5 % respectively; high melting points (126, 320 and 128 ⁰C) and molar conductance values (591, 620 and 631 Ω^-1cm²mol^-1) for the Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) complexes respectively. The synthesized complexes were soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMSO, acetone, slightly soluble in DMF but insoluble in water and n-Hexane. The IR spectra of the synthesized complexes showed bands characteristic of azomethine (C=N) vibration mode as well as evidence of azomethine carbons, protons and formation of the M-N, M-O, O-H bonds. The spectral study also showed the complexes obtained as monomeric structures and the central metal moieties are four-coordinated, with tetrahedral geometry, except for the Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes, which had square planar geometries. The complexes formed were of the general formula ML where L is the ligand and M is the respective metal ions. The PXRD studies revealed average crystallite size of 34.75, 69.75 and 39.11; the FWHM value of 0.23, 0.13 and 0.21; the hkl value of 101and 201. The antimicrobial activities of the ligand and its complexes were tested using Agar-well diffusion techniques for zone of inhibition while Agar dilution techniques were used for minimum inhibitory concentration and fungicidal concentration. The metal complexes of Schiff base showed broad spectrum antifungal activity against certain range of fungi; A. flavus, A. fumigates, A. niger, R. stolonifer, R. bataicola and C. albicans. The results showed that the complexes exhibited a higher fungicidal property than the ligand.

Water activity studies with total phenols and total antioxidant properties of sun dried, grated and stored Vernonia amygdalina leaves

2025-02-12T10:35:01+00:00

Vernonia amygdalina leaves are widely utilized as food additive and for many herbal preparations in Nigeria. This study investigated the total phenols content and antioxidant properties of raw, processed and stored Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Processing methods used in this study entailed sun drying and grating. Storage conditions were in the open laboratory and at water activities (a_w) of 0.23, 0.52 and 0.97. All storages were carried out at ambient conditions and Storage duration was two months. All investigations carried out were in accordance with standard methods. The results indicated that in raw Vernonia amygdalina leaves, the total phenol content was 3.10±0.94mg/g and percentage antioxidant activity was 96.31±2.05%. It was further discernable from the results that processing and storage led to increases in total phenol contents, while there was a reduction of percentage antioxidant activity. Statistically, the storage changes observed with phenol determinations were at P<0.05 found to be significant. Furthermore, at P<0.05, the reduction in percentage antioxidant activity following processing and storage were statistically significant. These findings would be useful in the formulation of standard methods for the handling of Vernonia amygdalina leaves.

Assessment of some physicochemical and microbial properties of sawdust polluted creek

2025-02-12T10:39:12+00:00

This study is carried out to assess some physicochemical and microbial properties of sawdust polluted creek of Owhase, in Udu local government area of Delta State, Nigeria. The water samples were collected for both dry and wet seasons, covering a total period of four (4) months. Water samples were analyzed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity, total suspended solids (TDS), acidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Salinity as chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphates, cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K), total coliform count-bacteria. Finding from this study revealed that the Owhase creek is contaminated with sawmill activities and such pollutants are beyond the tolerant limit of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Department of Petroleum Resources, and Standard Organization of Nigeria. Hence, there is need for collaboration among government agencies, communities and industry stakeholders to review anthropogenic and industrial activities around the region in order to effectively combat creek pollution.