Assessment of rainwater harvesting systems for sustainable water management in Ikot Osurua, Akwa Ibom State

Abstract

This study evaluated the utilization and quality of rainwater as a domestic water source in Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, through a combination of survey data and water quality analysis. A structured questionnaire was administered to 220 respondents, revealing that 77% relied on rainwater for their daily water needs due to its accessibility and cost-effectiveness. However, concerns about potential contamination were noted. Laboratory analysis of rainwater samples indicated mild contamination, with parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and hardness within WHO-acceptable limits, while turbidity and microbial content, including the presence of total coliforms and E. coli, exceeded recommended standards. The study highlights the importance of regular monitoring and proper treatment of rainwater to ensure safety for domestic use. Recommendations include public awareness campaigns on rainwater storage and treatment, as well as routine water quality testing. These findings underscore the need for improved water management strategies to enhance the safety and sustainability of rainwater as a critical water source in the region.