The geochemistry and petrogenesis of the iron-bearing sediments of Mfamosing, Southeastern (SE), Nigeria: Evidence from major oxides and its implication for industrial utilization

Abstract

Iron ore, a critical resource for global industrial activities, plays a pivotal role in driving economic development and sustaining essential sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and infrastructure. Nigeria is endowed with substantial iron ore reserves, including the Mfamosing area, which has recently garnered attention for its untapped potential. However, limited comprehensive studies hinder a clear understanding of the iron ore occurrences and their industrial viability. This study addresses this gap by investigating the geochemistry of the iron-bearing metasediments in the Mfamosing area, utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to analyze major oxides. Field and laboratory studies were conducted, involving the collection of twenty-five (25) sediment samples from the Mfamosing area and subsequent XRF analysis. The results revealed a high content of Fe₂O₃ (hematite) in the range of 62.64–80.45 wt.%, indicating the dominance of iron-rich minerals. The presence of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and other oxides suggests potential gangue minerals and aids in understanding the ore's composition. The petrogenesis study compares the geochemical characteristics of the Mfamosing iron ore with other iron-bearing formations globally. The findings indicate a sedimentary origin, with hydrothermal influence evidenced by Fe/Al and Fe/Si ratios. The low concentration of detrital materials further supports a primarily seawater-derived iron source. The iron ore has low concentrations of deleterious elements. Classification based on Fe₂O₃ content places most samples in the high-grade category, making them suitable as a primary raw material for steel production. Comparisons with other iron formations in Nigeria and worldwide affirm the Mfamosing iron ore's competitiveness on a global scale.