Bima Journal of Science and Technology

Effect of Rice Blast Pathogen (Pyricularia oryzae) on the Nutritional Profile of Rice inNigeria's Northern Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone

B.G. Zakari — 2024-09-03

A study was conducted to assess the effect of rice blast pathogen on the nutritional contentsofrice in the Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Rice blast has significantly affectedtheyield of rice in the study area, prompting the investigation to determine the incidence andseverityof the rice blast disease, isolate and identify the fungi associated with the blast, and evaluatetheeffect of the fungal pathogen on the nutritional content of the plant. All experiments wereconducted following standard procedures, and data were analyzed at a 5%probabilitylevel ofsignificance. The fungal pathogen was successfully isolated and identified fromdiseasedriceplants as Pyricularia oryzae, and its pathogenicity was confirmed through inducedblast symptoms on rice plants. Results of the proximate composition of the fungal-infectedandapparently healthy rice showed that there was an increase in moisture (7.99%), ashextract (0.98%), and fiber (16.31%) content in the fungal-infected rice compared to the apparentlyhealthy ones, which had 7.96%, 0.26%, and 13.58% moisture, ash extract, and fiber content, respectively. Conversely, the protein (1.20%), fat (7.68%), and carbohydrate (71.91%) content ofthe apparently healthy rice were relatively higher than those of the fungal-infected rice, whichhad0.88%, 6.13%, and 75.12% protein, fat, and carbohydrate content, respectively. Althoughproximate analysis results showed differences in the nutritional contents of the diseasedandhealthy rice samples, statistical analysis showed no significant difference between thetwosamples in terms of their ash and moisture contents. Overall, this study provides insights intothenutritional changes associated with blast infection in rice plants. Such findings could contributetothe development of effective strategies for managing rice blast disease and improvingriceproduction in Nigeria.

Comparison of Poisson, Negative Binomial and Poisson-Lognormal RegressionModelsWith Application on Traffic Road Accident Count Data of Bauchi State

Ben Esther Ofunu — 2024-09-03

Road Traffic Crash has been a serious problem on major roads in Nigeria. Different modelshave been used to predict accident on these roads but no unique model has been arrivedat. Inthis article, three statistical models: Poisson Regression, Negative Binomial and the PoissonLognormal were compared to determine the best fit on the road accident data obtainedfromfive major roads that link Bauchi metropolis from neighboring states. The roads are Bauchi-Jos, Bauchi-Gombe, Bauchi -Maiduguri, Bauchi-Kano and Bauchi-Dass roads. The dataforthe study spans a period of six years, (2010- 2015) consisting of the following variables: overtaking (OVT), over speeding (OVS), Dangerous Driving (DGD) and Loss of Control (LOC). The analysis of data was carried out with the aid of R-statistical software. The Poissonlog-normal Regression has the least AIC and BIC of 78.30 and 84.200 respectivelyforBauchi- Jos road, 76.000 and 81.900 for Bauchi- Gombe road, 70.800 and 76.700 for Bauchi-Maiduguri road, 69.70 and 75.6 for Bauchi-Kano road and 66.00 and 60.100 for Bauchi- Dassroad. The Poisson Log-normal Regression is more robust than the Poisson RegressionandNegative Binomial Regression and therefore recommended for modeling accident datainthearea of study.

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis of the Methanolic Extract of Bracken Fern(Pteridium aquilinum)

Ibrahim Aliyu Ahmed — 2024-09-03

Bracken, a type of large fern belonging to the genus Pteridium aqulinum and family Denn staedtiaceae, is found in various regions of the world and has been classified as carcinogenicto humans. It is also known for its anti-parasitic and anti-ascaris properties because of its abilitytokill small intestinal ascaris roundworms in the body. This plant synthesize non nutritive phytochemicals with potential toxicity and health benefit. For instance, anti-nutrients, whicharenatural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the absorption of nutrients by binding to vitamins and minerals, preventing their uptake, or inhibiting enzymes. Literature on the phytochemical screening of bracken is limited; Thus, this research was carried out to access th eanti-nutrient, phytochemical constituents and GC-profiling of methanol extract of brackenfern was carried out. Fresh plant samples were collected from Cece, in Lapai Local Government, of Niger State and samples were identified by certified botanist. The results of the study shows that the percentage yield of the methanolic extract of stem was higher than that of the leave. It also shows the presence of terpenoids in both extracts but absence of tanins. Stemis rich in flavonoid and alkaloid while leave is rich in saponin and phenolic compound. Both leaves and stem contains higher content of anti nutrients in the range (mg/kg) cyanide (5.197 - 3.063), oxalate (2.112-2.843) and phytate (0.951 - 0.798). GC-MS analysis reveals that presence of bioactive components. The major constituents were 1,3 butadiene (19.60 %) for leave, spiro[4.5]decan-2-one at 33.90 and 12.08 % for leave and stem extract respectively. Anthracene and its derivatives were present in major amount in the leave and stem extract. These are physiologically important bioactive molecules with anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anticancer and antimalarial properties that can be isolated for treatment. In addition to other industrial applications such as used as an antioxidant in polymers, production of rubber and lubricants.

Evaluation of Performance of Quarry Dust as Additive for Stabilizing Black Cotton Soils

Abdussamad Ismail — 2024-09-03

This paper presents a laboratory investigation into the efficacy of quarry dust as an additiveforenhancing the strength characteristics of black cotton soil. Based on the AASHTO classification system and the USCS, the studied soil belongs to A-7-6(12) and CH respectively, implyingthat the soil is unfit for engineering purposes. The modification of the soil was carried out bytreatingthe soil with 0-30% by weight of quarry dust in 5% increments. Results of compaction tests onthemodified soil indicated that, the maximum dry density increases from 1.7 to 1.92 Mg/m³ asthemodifier is varied from 0-20%. Conversely, the optimum moisture content decreases from16-7.1% for the same variation of the modifier. The CBR value also increases as the amount ofquarry dust is increased (from 9 when untreated to 19% when treated with 20%of additive), thusindicating that the additive has the tendency to enhance the strength characteristics of theexpansive soil. Based on CBR criterion, the recommended percentage of modifier is 15, beingthesmallest quantity of quarry dust that satisfies the criteria for a suitable sub-grade cover.

Food and Feeding Habit of Clarias gariepinus, Mormyrus rume rume and Synodontis budgetti in Dadin Kowa Reservoir, Gombe State, Nigeria

S.K. Hassan — 2024-09-03

The study of food and feeding habits of Clarias gariepinus, Mormyrus rume rumeandSynodontis budgetti in Dadin Kowa Reservoir were carried out for a period of Eighteenmonth, (October 2022 to March 2024). A total of 189 Clarias gariepinus, 81 Mormyrus rume rume and 272 Synodontis budgetti were purchased from the local fishermen as soon as theyreturnedfrom their catch and were brought immediately to the laboratory for analysis. The fishes wereidentified using appropriate fish identification keys. Stomach contents were observedunderthe microscope and analysed using Frequency of occurrence, Numerical methods and Fullness method. In Clarias gariepinus, Macrophyte accounted for 23.88%and 25.96% under frequency of occurrence and numerical method followed by Insect part with 13.68% and13.14%, Small fish, Mud, Detritus and Zooplankton had 11.67% and 10.89%; 9.73%and9.62 %; 9.25% and 8.65%; and 7.64 and 7.37%, respectively. Sand particles andphytoplankton have 6.07% and 6.73; and 4.64% and 6.73% by Frequency of occurrence and Numerical method respectively. Worm 4.17%, 3.31%; Insect 2.67%, 1.60%; Grain2.29%, 0.96%; and Fluid 1.63%, 0.32% appeared to be incidental diets. In Mormyrus rume rume, Detritus constituted 30.07% and 30.48% of the content under frequency of occurrence and numerical method followed by Plant part with 21.03% and 21.90%. Phytoplankton, Worm, Insect, Mud and Insect part accounted for 14.09% and 14.76%; 7.84%and 7.14%; 7.52%and7.14%; 7.38% and 7.14%; and 6.54% and 6.66 respectively. Sand particles, Fluid and Unidentified materials accounted for 3.79% and 3.33%; 1.33% and 0.95%; and 0.39%and0.48% respectively in Frequency of occurrence and Numerical method as incidental diets. InSynodontis budgetti, Detritus constituted 31.45% and 31.93% of the content under frequencyof occurrence and numerical method, followed by plant part with 21.68%and 22.69%. Insect part, Mud and Worm constituted 11.30% and 11.20%; 9.00% and 10.36%; and 5.36% and 5.04% respectively. Insect, Phytoplankton and Sand particles had 4.41% and 3.64%; 4.25% and 4.20%; and 4.24% and 4.48% in Frequency of occurrence and Numerical methodrespectively. Small fish, 2.65% and 1.40%; Snail, 1.78% and 1.12%; Grain, 1.61%and1.68; Fluid, 1.28% and 1.12%; Shell, 0.86% and 0.84% and Unidentified material, 0.13%and0.28%appeared as incidental diets in Frequency of occurrence and Numerical method respectively. Clarias gariepinus, Mormyrus rume rume and Synodontis budgetti exploit different varietiesof food both of plant and animal origin. This ability makes these species to be Omnivorous in their feeding habit.

Comparative Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Free Ranged and Caged Chickens in Lokoja, Kogi State

J.S. Ngwamah — 2024-09-03

Poultry Production plays an important role in the provision of animal protein to the timingNigeria population and other domestic Animals. It is also vital to the nation’s economyasasource of income to poultry farmers and revenue to the entire nation. Rearing of chickenonalarge scale is greatly affected by parasitic diseases and their effects cause difficulties inpoultrymanagement, which may affect the productivity rate, growth rate, sometime may evenleadtototal extermination of the entire poultry. Helminths are important parasites of poultryproduction that may lead low productivity. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence and intensity of infection of helminths in free ranged and caged chicken slaughtered in the study area. A total of 150 faecal samples were collected fromthe intestinal
tract of slaughtered chickens in the study area were examined using sedmentation and floatation methods for the presence of adult worm, segments, ova or eggs of gastro intestinal parasites. Samples of chickens examined in the study area were found to be positive with two species from class nematoda (Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum). The gastrointestinal cestodes identified were Choanotaenia infundibulum, Raillietina echino both rida and Capillaria species, while the pparasites of chicken in the study area, with 49(65 .33%) of thelocal chicken and 19(25.33%) of the caged system chicken examined found to be infected with it. Ascaridia galli proved to be the second most prevalent species, with an infection rate of 31(41.33%) and 14(18.67%) for free range and caged chickens. All the 75 local chickens examined, were found to be infected with one or more gastrointestinal parasites 75(100%). The high gastrointestinal parasites observed in the study area have a strong relationship with their mode of feeding and the birds' living conditions. This high prevalence may be responsiblefor reduced body weight, reduction in egg production and deaths of some or complete extermination of the whole poultry.

Global Stability Analysis to Measles Transmission Dynamic with Vaccination

Ayuba Sanda — 2024-09-03

Measles remains a significant public health concern globally, despite the availability of vaccines. Understanding the dynamics of measles transmission through mathematical modeling is crucial for designing effective control strategies. In this study, we present a comprehensive mathematical model that incorporates susceptible, exposed, infectious, recovered and vaccinated compartmentsto capture the complexity of measles dynamics. We conducted a global stability analysis of theproposed model to explore the long-term behavior of measles transmission dynamics. Byanalyzing the model's equilibrium points and their stability properties, we elucidate the conditionsunder which measles can persist or be eradicated within a population. Our analysis accountsforthe impact of vaccination coverage and vaccine efficacy on the dynamics of measles transmission. Furthermore, we perform sensitivity analysis to identify key parameters driving the persistenceorelimination of measles. We assess the effectiveness of vaccination strategies in reducing measles incidence and our findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of measles transmission and the potential impact of vaccination programs on disease control which shows a 19.5% vaccination rate effectively prevents transmission, while a 1.25 percent decreases transmission but cannot completely eliminate it, and a 0.57% rate suggests significant spread necessitates further actions or higher vaccination rates.

Effects of Modified Magnetic Field on Unsteady Flow of Viscoelastic Stratified Fluid Between Two Parallel Inclined Riga Plates with Viscous Dissipation

Lawal Oluwafemi Waheed — 2024-09-03

The study in this paper investigates the effect of modified magnetic field on unsteadyflowofviscoelastic stratified fluid between two parallel Riga plates inclined at an angle. The magneticfield is generated by the upper and lower Riga plates which are kept stationary. These Rigaplatesare kept at different temperature which decay with time with fluid density and viscosityareconsidered to be variable among different layers within the medium. The non-linear PDEs that govern the flow problem are transformed into non-dimensional PDEs and solved numericallyusing explicit finite difference scheme. Maple 23 is used to implement and simulate these schemesand the result are analyzed and presented inform of graphs. It is established that the effect ofReynolds number, viscoelastic parameter, stratification parameter and Prandtl number onthevelocity and temperature distribution are subdued by modified magnetic field.

Typhoid Fever Risk Factors and Challenges to Control: Narrative Review of the Scientific Literatures

Umar Abdullahi Tawfiq — 2024-09-03

Typhoid has remained endemic in parts of Asia and Africa, where the morbidity and mortality are high. It is believed that among the factors responsible, lack of knowledge on risk factors andcontrol challenges are important. Hence, the objective of this article was to generate anon-systematic narrative review on typhoid risk factors and control challenges which can be understood by majority of the stakeholders. Data sources used included reviews and original articles available from 1997 to 2019, from PubMed, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Sciencedirect. 76 publications were included, and 20 risk factors and 6 control challenges were outlined. Some of the risk factors included contaminated water, contaminated food, contact with a typhoid carrier, contact with a typhoid patient, lack of proper handwashing, lack of vaccination, hot weather, and mechanical vectors, while some of the control challenges included increase in drug resistance, data unavailability, and vaccine limitations. Findings indicated that though typhoid is transmitted through the faeco-oral route, a number of risk factors play important roles in its transmission, andthese factors are common in many regions of the world especially in developing and under developed countries. Also, understanding the control challenges will guide provision of more efficient health interventions.

Xeromphis nilotica Stem-Bark Extract Attenuates CCl4-Induced Hepatic Damage and Oxidative Stress in Albino Rats

Hajjagana Hamza — 2024-09-03

Xeromphis nilotica is used by traditional practitioners in North East Nigeria to treat ormanage various ailment such as inflammations, pains and stomach disorders. This studyaimed to evaluate the probable protective effect of Xeromphis nilotica stem-barkextract
against CCl₄induced hepatic injury in albino rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly dividedintosix groups. Group 1 served as the control and normal feed and 3ml/kgbwt olive oil intraperitoneally. Groups 2, 3, 4,5&6 were injected with 3ml/kgbwt of carbon tetra chloride(CCl₄) in olive oil intraperitoneally to induce oxidative stress and thereafter group4,5&6were treated with 100, 200, 400 mg/kgbwt of the extracts respectively. Group 2 servesastoxic control, while group 3 was treated with 25mg/kgbwt silymarin as standardcontrol. Liver marker enzymes ALT, AST, total protein and albumin were assessed and results obtained was extrapolated by performing histological analysis of the liver tissues. The studyrevealed that treatment of rats with CCl₄ caused marked weight loss, induced liver damage through elevated marker enzymes as well as significant decrease in catalase activity. However, administration of graded doses of X. nilotica extract effectively amelio rated the deviation caused by oxidative stress induced liver damage. Pathological examinationof theliver tissues also supported the biochemical findings. It was concluded that supplementationof X. nilotica extract was beneficial in modulating the alteration induced in liver andserumvariables of rats under the effect of CCl₄ induced oxidative stress.

Panel Data Analysis of Economic Growth Determinants in Ecowas Region

A.I. Adewole — 2024-09-03

The study examined the Macroeconomic factors influencing Economic Growth in EconomicCommunity of West African States region using panel data regression. A Pooled ordinaryleast squares, Fixed Effect Model, and Random Effect Model were implemented to fit thepanel regression model for the panel data sets. The result showed that estimates fromfixed effect model were accurate in determining the econometric relationship among the variables under study. According to fixed effect model chosen for the dataset under study, Foreign direct investment, Exchange rate, Export of goods and services and Inflation rate are statistically significant. Thevariables Foreign direct investment, Inflation rate and External debt have positive impact whilethe Exchange rate and Export of goods and services variables affect the Economic CommunityofWest African States Countries negatively. Policy makers are therefore advised to erect antiinflationary policies that attract Foreign Investors, emphasis should be laid on encouragingstableand reasonable exchange rate to promote even and sustainable Economic Growth.

Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Leaf Extracts of Acacia nilotica and Psidiumguajavaagainst Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Salawudeen Adamu — 2024-09-03

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes traditional medicine, particularly plant medicine as an important alternative healthcare delivery system for most of the world’s population. The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals both with known antimicrobial properties is of great significance, in the past few years a number of investigations have been conducted worldwidetoprove antimicrobial activities from medicinal plants. Hence, the combined antibacterial effectsofleaf extracts of A. nilotica and P. guajava against ESBLs- producing E. coli and K. pneumoniaewere investigated. Fresh leaves of the plants were collected, processed, and then subjected to three different organic solvents (Methanol, Dichloromethane, and N-Hexane) with varying polarities(high, moderate and low) and water extraction through the maceration method. The variousconcentrations of the leaf extracts of both plants were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibilitytesting individually and in combination using agar well diffusion technique. The MIC and MBC were determined according to standard microbiological protocols. The phytochemical analysesrevealed the presence of bioactive compounds with exception of anthraquinone and reducing sugars in methanol leaves extracts (ALME+PLME). Methanol extracts of both plants showed highest antibacterial activity against the isolates. The MIC of the plants part was detected at 2.5%and 5% (mg/ml) while the MBC was detected at 5% and 10% (mg/ml). The findings provethat the plants part could be useful in new natural antimicrobial drug development which couldserveas potential treatment for the infections caused by the test organisms.

Risk Factors and Occurrences of Shigella spp in Ready-To-Eat Vegetable Salads (Ayamutsa)Sold in Gombe Metropolis

Umar Abdullahi Tawfiq — 2024-09-03

Shigella spp are pathogenic bacteria that cause shigellosis which is an ailment notedforsignificant disease burden especially in Africa. These bacteria are transmitted via contaminatedfood/water. In Gombe, ayamutsa is believed to pose health risks due to improper preparationandhandling. Therefore, this research was aimed at investigating these ayamutsa for possible Shigellaspp occurrence and also to identify risk factors responsible for the occurrence. 100 samples wereinoculated on nutrient agar and SS agar. Identification was done using Gram’s stainingandbiochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were conducted based on CLSI guidelines, andaquestionnaire was used to obtain data for determining the association between handling practicesand contamination. Results revealed 10% of samples were contaminated with Shigella spp. Thesensitivity test showed the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, Augmentin, ceftriaxone, but
resistant to ofloxacin and oxacillin. Questionnaire analyses revealed there is significant association between contamination and some handling practices. The findings fromthis studyrevealed that ayamutsa contamination with Shigella spp in Gombe metropolis poses a threat topublic health and could also serve as a persistent source of Shigella spp spread in the communitywhich could lead to an outbreak of shigellosis.

Macrofungal Diversity in Gashaka Gumti National Park

Ajiya B. Cleophas — 2024-09-03

National parks, like Gashaka Gumti-National Park were established to protect, preserve, conserve and manage representative samples of indigenous flora and fauna. Diversity studiesofmacrofungi have grown during the recent years, because they are important components of biodiversity serving as key primary colonizers in ecosystem, deadwood decomposition and with variety of uses as food, pharmaceutical and medicinal qualities. This study reports onthewet season diversity and distribution of macrofungi in Gallery Forest and Savanna woodland vegetation of Gashaka Gumti-National Park in Northern Nigeria based on fruit body characteristics. A total of 37 species of macro fungi distributed across 21 families were encountered. The Gallery Forest recorded the highest number of species (21 species) compared to Savanna woodland (17 species) during the sampling period. The distribution of species across families showed that Mycenaceae had the highest number of species, followed by Agaricaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Xylariaceae and Tricholomataceae while twelve of the other families had only one species each. This revealed that macrofungi utilized wide range of substrates where the soil had21 (53.85 %) species, followed by log with 18 (48.72 %), leaf litter 5 (10.26 %) and one (5.13%)species from fruit shell. The availability and the types of substrates are important drivers of macrofungal composition with majority (78.38 %) of macrofungal species occurring ona single type of substrate (substrate-specific). The list of macrofungi in this study provides the baseline information on the assessment of changes in macrofungal diversity in the National Park.

Bioaccessibility Studies of Potentially Toxic Elements in Dust From Offices

Oluwaseun H. Anselm — 2024-09-03

Potentially toxic elements are commonly referred to as heavy metals which are toxic and cannot be broken down. Potentially toxic elements are known to have a negative impact on humanhealthespecially children through oral ingestion, dermal and inhalation. In this study, the total metal concentration was determined in dust samples from selected offices of some tertiary institutions. Four dust samples were collected from different locations using a brush and plastic scoop. Afterwards, dust samples were naturally air dried and sieved through a 45μmmesh sieve andthenacid digested. Results of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) analysis of the dust samples revealed the order of accumulation of cadmium and manganese in all sample locations. Contamination factor of Cd and Mn in all the four tertiary institutions were of lowconcentration. Also, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk was calculated based on the model developedbyUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. For human health risk, the order of decreasingrisk were ingestion >dermal>inhalation. This study shows that dusts from offices have effect on humans working in the office as it is the accumulation of settled toxic elements and humans spendmore time indoors than outdoors.

Panel Regression on the impact of Energy Consumption and Trade Openness on EconomicGrowth in Some Selected Sub-Sahara African Countries

Nafisatu Ahmad Tanko — 2024-09-03

Energy is necessary for a holistic economic system that includes the production, distribution, and consumption of products and services. This suggests that energy access and consumptionareeither directly or indirectly related to the growth of the majority of developing and growingeconomies. As a result, energy is essential to the production of goods and services that are either sold else where or consumed locally. Trade openness and energy output are thus two of the most important factors determining a nation's economic health. Thus, this study aimed at examining the impact of energy consumption and trade openness on economic growth in selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) Countries using panel regression models. The data for the study were collectedfrom World Bank Data Base from 2010 -2022. The data collected were analyzed usingPooledRegression, Fixed Effect (FE) and Random Effect (RE) regression models. The Hausman specification test result revealed that the random effect model is more efficient for modelling the impact of energy consumption and trade openness on economic growth in SSACountries(Housman specification test statistic = 5.31, p > 0.05). The study revealed further that thereispresence of random effect (test statistic = 611. 18, p < 0.05) and there is cross sectional independence (test statistic = 39.455, p < 0.05) in the data. In addition, it was discovered that both energy consumption and trade openness have negative and significant impact on economic growthof selected SSA Countries ( β1 = -1.7342, p < 0.05; β2 = 0.4097, p < 0.05) . Based on these findings, it was recommended that policy makers in the selected Countries that should formulated policies that will provide an enabling environment for effective and positive contributionof oil consumption and trade openness to economic growth in Nigeria

Petroleum Generation Potentials of the Upper Cretaceous Dukul and Numanha Formations Of The Yola Sub – Basin, Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria

Mamuda Isiaka — 2024-09-03

Nigeria’s current petroleum and gas reserves are put at 35 billion barrels and 170 Trillion standard cubic feet (TCF) respectively. The above figures call for caution and the need for continuous andmore aggressive exploration strategy to find more oil fields if the nation will continue torelyoncrude oil exportation as one of its foreign earnings. The research is aimed at determiningthePetroleum Generation Potential of rock samples from the Upper Cretaceous Dukul and Numanha Formations in Yola Sub-Basin using Geochemical Analysis where the organic matter quality(Type), quantity (Richness), thermal maturity and the hydrocarbon generation potentials will bedetermined. Also the research work in aim at determining the influence of localized volcanicactivity on the rock samples maturity and its relationship to hydrocarbon generation using temperature at maximum (T_max). The total organic carbon (TOC) content were determined to be generally low in all the samples analysed (0.25 wt %) – 0.65 wt %). The rock samples are classified as being fair to relatively good source rocks for petroleum generation. The kerogen type was observed to be predominantly Type III and IV indicating the rock samples are rich ingas with limited quantity of liquid hydrocarbon. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and pyrolysis data (T_max) showed that the samples analysed have entered oil window to post matured stage. High thermal maturities of the samples clearly indicate that the localized volcanic activity has influenced the natureof theorganic matter thereby cracking the organic matter into thermogenic gas within the sub-basin.

Spatial and Tissue-Specific Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fish from Nguru River

Mohammed Musa Lawan — 2024-09-03

The concentration of heavy metals namely, Lead, Arsenic, chromium, copper and Zinc (Pb, As, Cr, Cu, Zn) were determined in Tilapia fish samples collected from three (3) selectedareasofNguru River during raining season. The fishes were carefully dissected and the muscles, liversand gills were sampled and prepared for digestion, afterward the level of heavy metals wereassessed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that all metalsidentified in this study follow the same accumulation pattern, with liver having the highest concentration (As:11681µg/kg, Cu:36.87µg/kg, Cr:252.50µg/kg, Zn:11688.11µg/kg), followedby gills (As:543.39µg/kg, Cu:16.04µg/ kg, Cr:499.44µg/kg, Zn:9438.93µg/kg), andmuscles(As:479.58µg/kg, Cu:14.29µg/kg, Cr:252.50µg/kg, Zn:7233µg/kg). Lead was not detectedinall the tissue samples. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in the muscles of fishescollected from all the sites were within the permissible levels and are safe for the humanconsumption and public health.

Assessment of Perfluorinated Alkyl Compound Levels in Soil, Water, and DesignatedDump Sites in Damaturu, Nguru, and Gashua

Yagana Abba Sidi — 2024-09-03

Perfluoroalkyl substances are detrimental contaminants that differ in several ways from most other well-studied organic chemicals found in everyday products. Perfluorooctanoicacid(PFOA) is one of the perfluoroalkyl substances that affect humans and is commonly found in almost all ramifications of life. The most common route of encounter of PFOAby humansisthrough washing and wearing of domestic utensils and other industrial chemicals suchassurfactants into soil and water. This study assessed the presence and levels of PFOA in both dumpsite soil and leachate water samples from Damaturu, Nguru, and Gashua towns of Yobestate using Gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealedthepresence of PFOA in sixteen per cent (16%) of the soil samples and six per cent (6%) of thewater samples across the locations. These include samples collected fromkrikasamma, sabonpegi, and bindigari areas in Damaturu; Garbi and bulabulin in Nguru, and then katuzuandsabon gari in Gashua. The PFOAs were identified by retention time matching with standard PFOA and mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of PFOA were 0.0214pg/g, 0.0035pg/g, 0.0098pg/g, 0.1040pg/g, and 0.0236 pg/g in samples collected from Krikasamma, Sabon Pegi, Garbi, katuzu and sabon gari, respectively. These concentrations were, however, significantly higher than the permissible limit of 0.0007pg/g recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA.) and therefore may possess toxicity to soil, plants and humans. The findings from this study can serve as a baseline for investigation of source, transport and fate of such potentially toxic compounds that are found in most domesticutensils and firefighting facilities.

An Advanced DDOS Attack Detection Model with an Ensembled SVM and Baruta Selection Technique

Auwal Adamu Ajiya — 2024-09-03

The paper proposed the use of an ensembled SVM model with the Boruta selection techniqueto improve cloud DDoS attack detection. DDoS attacks are the most common cloudsecurityattacks, with a 16% level of use. They can render the entire system useless, with resourcesoffline for 24 hours, multiple days, or even a week depending on the severity of the attack. Inthe event of successful attacks, about $ 20,000 can be lost by a company. DDoS attacks canalso make the cloud environment vulnerable to hacking, due to bad hosting or sharedhosting, failure to prepare against the attack, outdated codes, and other issues. This studyaimstoimprove the performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM) to better detect CloudDDoSattacks by eliminating key problems and improving memory efficiency, effectiveness, andhigh dimensional space. Several Machine learning techniques like Decision Tree, RandomForest, KNN, and SVM were used to detect DDoS attacks in a cloud environment. In terms of detection accuracy SVM is the best among the used techniques with 84.94%. Aproposed ensembled SVM with the Boruta selection technique was modeled to improve the performanceof DDoS attack detection techniques in the cloud. Five different models were designedusingdistinct machine-learning techniques and compared to the proposed model for better performance. Logistic regression, Random Forest Classification, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Linear Discriminant Analysis. All five Classifiers wereusedindependently and with the Bagging technique, giving different results in all aspects. Fromtheir performance found that after the boruta selection extract 51 features out of the 79 original features of the and the data that was summed up to 1048575 was reduced to 1025 for optimal performance, Random Forest Classifier and K-Nearest Neighbor was said to performbetterthan the proposed SVM classifier in both Individual modeling and with Bagging Ensembled learning. A great improvement was achieved by the model performance with a detection accuracy of 95.7%, 10.8% more than the traditional SVM, an improvement the accuracy. Theimplementation of KNN, Random Forest, and Linear Discriminant analysis in ensembledlearning shows that their performance is better than the proposed system.

Enhancing Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant Consensus in Permissioned Blockchain-Empowered Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Network Via Multitask Learning: A Review

Dan'azumi Hussaini — 2024-09-03

This research work discusses the improvement of a specific consensus mechanismcalledByzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) within a permissioned blockchain-based network designedforVehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. The main objective is to make the consensus protocols of this network more robust in the face of attacks from malicious participants. Amethod to achieve this improvement by using a robust adversarial training technique knownastheFast Gradient Sign Method is suggested. This technique aims to counteract the negative effectsofmalicious nodes within the V2X network. The research work also delves into the recent advancements in the fields of distributed systems, blockchain technology, and consensus mechanisms. This exploration is conducted to improve and strengthen the security and reliabilityof communication networks used in V2X scenarios. The significance of ensuring the resilience and ability to withstand adversarial actions in environments involving vehicles, where the stabilityand resistance to malicious behavior are of utmost importance is emphasized. Our work has openfuture direction for interested researchers in this area.

Complexation Behaviours and Enhanced Biological Activity of Cefuroxime, Cefixime, and Their Cobalt(II) Mixed Ligand Complexes: Insights into Octahedral Coordination Geometry and Chelation Effects

Mukhtar Sani — 2024-09-03

This study performed the synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of cobalt(II)complexes with cefuroxime, cefixime, and their mixed ligand. The coordination complexeswere synthesized using stoichiometric reactions under controlled conditions, achievingyieldsof 75-81%. Characterization was performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIRspectroscopy, and molar conductivity measurements. UV-Vis spectra indicated significant electronictransitions due to metal-ligand interactions, while FTIR spectra showed characteristic shifts and new peaks confirming complex formation. The complexes exhibited distinct colors: purplefor [Co(CFX)Cl₂], green for [Co(CFI)Cl₂], and violet for [Co(CFX-CFI)Cl₂], reflectingvariations in their coordination environments. The melting points ranged from252°C to 278°C, with the mixed ligand complex demonstrating the highest thermal stability. Molar conductivity values varied, indicating different degrees of ionic dissociation, with the mixedligandcomplex showing the highest conductivity, suggesting a more dynamic coordination environment. Biological activities were evaluated through in vitro antibacterial and antifungal assays. The results demonstrated that cobalt(II) complexes exhibited enhanced antimicrobial properties compared to the free ligands, with the mixed ligand complex showing superior efficacy. These findings suggest that metal-ligand interactions significantly enhancethebiological activity of the complexes. This research highlights the potential of cobalt (II)complexes of cefuroxime and cefixime as promising candidates for developing new antimicrobial agents, emphasizing the importance of metal-ligand interactions in drugdesignand development.

Health Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Classroomand OfficeDustSamples from Federal University in Abeokuta, Nigeria

Oluwaseun H. Anselm — 2024-09-03

Polychlorinated biphenyls, also known as PCBs are organochlorine compounds that were commonly applied by industries including agriculture. This study determined the concentrations of 28 PCB congeners in dust samples obtained from offices and classrooms of Federal Universityof Agriculture in Abeokuta, Nigeria, using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Theresults revealed that the dust samples collected from the classroom had higher PCB concentrations with a total concentration of 102.02 ng/g and mean concentration of 5.36 ng/g, while dust samplesfrom the offices had a total PCB concentration of 87.22 ng/g with a mean concentration of 3.35ng/g. For dust samples collected from offices, PCB-52 had the lowest concentration (0.77ng/g)and PCB-81 had the highest concentration of 8.98 ng/g. For dust samples collectedfromclassrooms, PCB-101 had the lowest concentration of 0.47 ng/g, while the maximum concentration of 23.51 ng/g was noted in PCB-189. The HQ of but samples were >1. Hence, thisstudy suggests that further investigation is needed to determine the variation in concentrations of PCBs in other locations within the school with more focus on specific PCB sources and exposure pathways.

Screening and Larvicidal Activity of the Ethanol Root and Leaf Exract of Combretum molle Against Anopheles gambiae

D. Kulawe — 2024-09-03

Mosquitoes are of public health importance as they constitute serious biting nuisance and transmit most deadly and life-threatening diseases. Plants have become the focus of intensestudy in terms of conservation and their pharmacological use. This study aimed at evaluating the larvicidal activity of stem extract of Combretum molle on Anopheles gambiae mosquito. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of the stem revealed the presence of biological active compounds including alkaloid, saponin, tannin, steroid and flavonoid. The effect of theethanol extracts of the stem of Combretum molle (Bush willow) against the larvae of anopheles gambiae mosquito was further investigated in accordance to the World Health Organization’sguidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides (2005). Early second andthirdinstars larvae of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were exposed for up to 48 Hours to a concentration of 1, 25, 50 and 75ppm extracts of the roots and leaf. All tested extracts showed larval mortality, however, larval mortality was greatest with the ethanol leaf extract at anincreasing concentration. This is supported by the abundance of flavonoid and tannin compoundon the stem tissue. The study concluded that these parts of the Combretum molle contain larvicidal properties and could be implore as a natural larvicidal agent.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Guiera senegalensis Methanol Extract

J.M. Abigail — 2024-09-03

Medicinal plants are widely used by the populace for their everyday health needs. The presence of phytochemical compounds is believed to be the basis of the observed pharmacological propertiesof medicinal plants. The aim of this research is to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidants and antimicrobial activities of Guiera senegalensis (whole plant) plant. Phytochemical analysis (qualitative and quantitative) was carried out by following standard procedures. Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) were employed to determine the antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of theplants, while paper disc agar diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activityofthe extracts. The result from the phytochemcal analysis revealed that the plant extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones and tannins. Glycosides werenot detected. The quantitative analysis results showed that, the plant extracts have appreciable amounts of phytocompounds with the highest value of 286.22 mgGAE/100 g total phenol. Extract showed high antioxidant activity of 84.15 % scavenging activity using DPPHand 13.05%reducing power with FRAP. Results from the antimicrobial activity showed that, the plantsextracts can inhibit bacteria growth of Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus spp, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi. Thehighest inhibition zone of 43 mm at 500 µg/mL was observed for Streptococcus spp. and Shigella spp. Extracts exhibited lower zones of inhibition for antifungal activity. Consequently this studylends support to the therapeutic use of Guiera senegalensis in traditional medicine.

Efficacy of Plant Extract on Post-Havest Fungal Rot Pathogens of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in Selected Local Goverment Areas of Borno State

I.Y. Mshelia — 2024-09-03

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) is attacked by fungal diseases especially fusarium, soft anddryrot. Efficacy of the plant extracts were carried out in the laboratory of Plant Science ModdibboAdama University Yola in a Completely Randomized Design. Rot incidence was of universal inall the four locations Biu, Bayo, Hawul and Kwata kusar with an average of 9.06%. Biuhad the highest incidence of 13.75%, Hawul with 8.75%, Kwaya-kusar had 7.5%, with the least asobserved at Bayo 6.25%.and three organisms were responsible for the rots: (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. Aspergillus niger had the highest level of occurrencewith the average of 5 pathogens per sample location, Rhizopus stolonifer 4 while Aspergillus flavus had the least 3 organisms per. Aqueous extracts of Balanite aegyptica and Parkia biglobosapulp, leaf, stem and root bark at 60% proved to be effective in controlling mycelial growth in all the three organisms. Balanite aegyptica leaf controlled mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer.Aqueous to 5.74, 6.74 and 7.54 mm invitro respectively and Aspergillus flavus 6.07 invivo. Balanite aegyptica pulp reduced mycelial growth of Aspergyllus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer in vivo 6.26 and 6.25mm.

Mathematical Assessement of Crime Dynamic with Public Education and Police Intervation Via: ABC Fractional Operator

Ayuba Sanda — 2024-09-03

In this work, a fractional mathematical model of crime dynamic with police andpubliceducation is designed and used to access the impacts of the intervention in controllingcrimespread. The model's positivity and boundedness were established, demonstrating its epidemiological well-posture. The model's asymptotically stable local and global states were established using the basic reproduction number that was established. When the basic reproduction number R0  , less than unity, indicate that crime will be reduced or eliminatedin the community; a reproduction number greater than unity indicates that crime will continuein the community. The model was validated using yearly data from 2002-2021, sourced from Macrotrends. The simulation of the fractional crime model combined with public educationand police presence, have shown to be effective in lowering crime rates.

Effect of Plant Extracts on Bacteria Fruit Blotch of Watermelon Pathogen (Acidovorax citrulli)

P.O. Aji — 2024-09-03

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is a significant seed-transmitted disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax citrulli. This study aimed to determine the effectivenessofplant extracts on Acidovorax citrulli in nine (9) different communities in three (3) local
governments of Taraba State. Watermelon seeds were allowed to germinate and dividedintosix (6) groups. These groups were treated with various plant extracts, including garlicoil, Jatropha + garlic oil, Jatropha + Neem oil, Neem oil + garlic oil, and Neemoil, as well asacontrol group, for fourteen (14) weeks. In 2021, farms treated with neemoil (7.06%) showedhigh performance, followed by those treated with Jatropha + neem oil (12.00%), comparedtothe control group (80.56%) in Ardo Kola. In Tella, farms treated with neemoil (7.92%) andJatropha + neem oil (13.12%) showed reduced severity. In Wukari, neemoil and Jatropha+neem oil treated farms performed well at 31.96% and 34.68%, respectively, comparedtothecontrol at 44.22%. Similar results were observed in the previous year, 2020. The plant extracts suppress the growth of Acidovorax citrulli on the watermelon, thereby increasingtheyield of the watermelon. The extracts can be used in the treatment or prevention of Bacteriafruit blotch pathogen (Acidovorax citrulli).

Predicting Hospital Length of Stay among Pediatric Patients in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital

Modu Isa — 2024-09-03

Hospital Length of Stay (LOS) is a critical metric in healthcare management, reflectingtheduration a patient spends in a hospital facility. In pediatric trauma cases, the length of stay(LOS)is a crucial measure that reflects the complicated relationship between the severity of the injury, the effectiveness of treatment, and the overall healthcare journey. Understanding and predictingthe factors influencing LOS in this specific population are crucial for optimizing patient care, resource allocation, and healthcare system planning. This study investigates Hospital LengthofStay (LOS) among Pediatric Trauma Patients with the primary goal of understandingandpredicting the factors influencing the duration of hospitalization for this demographic. The cross-sectional study is based on pediatric trauma patients admitted to the Emergency Department ofthe University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno State, Nigeria, in 2023. Data encompass demographic characteristics, injury details, and LOS for patients under 17 years, derivedfromhospital records. The RTS scoring system, incorporating Glasgow Coma Scale, Systolic Blood Pressure, and Respiratory Rate, is used to predict pediatric trauma patients' LOS. Multipleregression analysis is employed to identify factors influencing LOS. Results of the study outlines the scoring criteria for RTS parameters and presents regression analyses highlighting significant predictors of LOS, such as Injury Type and Breath/Minute. The model's robustness is confirmedby the Coefficient of Determination (R Square = 0.960), signifying its effectiveness in explainingand predicting LOS variability

Time Series Analysis on Malaria Disease and Contorl in Bauchi State

Usman Rabiu Haruna — 2024-09-03

In many developing countries in Africa, the control of non-infectious diseases can bequite challenging due to a combination of factors such as poor housing, inadequate health care facilities, and poor sanitation. Nigeria has been recorded as the second highest country facing such challenges. Despite the measures that were taken by individuals, government and N.G.Os through vector control interventions with the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), but seasonal cases of Malaria couldn’t be eradicated completely. Furthermore, 120 samples (monthly) data were captured and analyzed for 10year using R-Statistical Software from the Bauchi State Agency for the control of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Malaria’s(BACATMA) register and different Time Series Model(TSM) were estimated and compared to explain the scenario of malaria cases in Bauchi. ARIMA, SARIMA, and ARFIMAmodels were fitted separately, model parameters were estimated and the model with the best fit was selectedusing AIC in each of the separate models, and model stationarity and independence were analyzed using the moving average method. Among these good models, an optimal model was chosen using both Likelihood test and AIC statistically. The ARFIMA(Phi) model performsbetter than ARIMA(1,0,1) and SARIMA(1,1,1). Unit root tests were conducted using ADFandPP tests. Results confirmed that the data series is stationary since the p-values 0.01 are less than alpha (0.05) for ADF test statistics and test statistics -5.3369 and -4.2434 which is less thancritical-value (0.148) at 5% level of significance for PP test respectively and variables in the data set were tested for normality using the Jargue-Bera test. The result showed that none of the variables is normally distributed as indicated by the p-values for all variables being less than selected level of significance for the study (0.05). The fore casting model suggests that the numberof malaria cases in Bauchi state is decreasing probably to extinction. The model has used the moving average method and trend analysis for time series analysis to predict the future rate of malaria cases in the state.

Robust Bootstrap for Handling Heteroscedasticity and Outliers in the Presence of HighLeverage Point

M. Mijinyawa — 2024-09-03

It's fascinating how researchers are constantly improving regression analysis methods todeal with issues like heteroscedasticity. The robust MM estimator seems like a smart choicetoenhance the wild bootstrap process for more accurate results in regression analysis. Researchers are debating the best bootstrap technique for dealing with outliers and heteroscedasticity in linear regression. There is a push for a more efficient and accurate method, considering the draw backs of the Minimum Volume Ellipsoid approach. The proposal to replace MVE with ISE in the modified method is a promising step towards better speed, accuracy, and efficiency in robust bootstrapping. The specific objective of this paper istomodify the existing robust bootstrap technique (WBootMM-GM6-Liu). The methodology under studied the existing models and compared four existing bootstrap techniques withthemodified version of the WBootMM-GM6-Liu to ascertain the impact of the modification. The numerical test results revealed that the modified version of the technique has the least standard errors, bias, and root mean square errors (RSME) and therefore outperforms the existingmodels taking into account the presence of heteroscedasticity, outliers, and high leveragepoints (HLPs). In the case of further research, this model can possibly be improved upon based on assessing fixed and random effects with other variables apart from those considered in this paper.

Improving Textural and Catalytic Properties of Lanthanum-based Perovskite Catalysts for Automotive Exhaust Conversion

M.M. Yunus — 2024-09-03

High cost, limited availability and low thermal stability of noble metals like Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium and Gold used in automotive exhaust emission control has promptedthesearch for a substitute catalyst with similar activity, better thermal stability and affordability. This work investigated the use of base metals catalysts such as Mn, Co, Ni and Fe toreducethe emission of harmful gases. Perovskites are mixed oxides that have a wide rangeofproperties, such as electrical and magnetic. They are also used as catalysts for eliminating atmospheric pollutants. Silica-supported LaBO3 (B = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) catalysts weresynthesized by deposition-precipitation method, and calcined at high temperature of 800^oC. Properties of the samples were investigated by scanning electron Microscopy-EnergyDispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX), FTIR, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetricanalysis(TGA) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) to survey the morphology and chemical composition, bulk structure, crystalline nature, surface area, thermal stability and porosityofthe crystals. The crystallite sizes range between 25--41nm, and specific surface area of 16--219m²/g. LaNiO₃/SiO₂ presented the highest textural values (i.e. smallest crystallitesize, highest specific surface area and pore volume) which are beneficial for high catalyticperformance. It also exhibits better catalytic activity for oxidation of HC, COandNO. At 300 ^oC, the catalyst’s conversion efficiency, of the three exhaust gases, reaches more than 70%; which can be considered as a potential replacement for the expensive noble metal catalysts.

Insecticidal Activity of Azadirachta indica, Lantana camara and Citrus aurantifolia Extracts Against The Malaria Vector Mosquito (Anopheles Gambiae s l.) in Bauchi State, North- Eastern Nigeria

Aliyu Abdulhamid Omar — 2024-09-03

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with millions of deaths recorded annually. In Africa, it poses a significant epidemiological burden, hindering economicdevelopment. In Nigeria, malaria is the most prevalent parasitic disease, affecting 90%of the population (over 140 million people). It accounts for 63% of reported cases in healthcarefacilities, 30% of childhood deaths, 25% of deaths in children under one year, and 11%ofmaternal deaths. The economic impact is substantial, with estimated annual losses of 132 billion Naira due to treatment costs, prevention, and lost productivity. This study investigates the potential of selected plant extracts to control mosquito larvae in breeding sites. The results showthat different concentrations of the extracts have varying effects on the larvae, indicating their potential as larvicides. The Azrdrachta indica extract demonstrated the highest mortalityrate, with an Lc50 of 0.98mg/L. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids in the extracts. The study concludes that these extracts arehighly effective against mosquito larvae and warrants further exploration as botanical pesticidesto harness their potential.

In vivo Evaluation of the Antiplasmodial Activity of Sterculia setigera Leaf Extract on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice

Bassa Obed Yakubu — 2024-09-03

The developing resistance of malaria parasite to currently available anti-malarial drugs leadtosearch for novel effective drugs. Sterculia setigera a deciduous tree, commonly known as Karayagum tree in Northern Nigeria. Traditionally, its boiled leaves have been used in the treatment ofmalaria. The present study aims investigate the toxicological and in vivo antiplasmodial effectsofS. setigera extract on albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Swiss albino mice (15-25g), chloroquine sensitive P. berghei and Fresh S. setigera leaves were collected, air dried, ethanol extract obtained and used for the study. The modified Lorke method was adopted to determineacute toxicity, with 3 groups of mice intraperitoneally administered varying doses of the extractsin 2 phases. The malaria parasite plasmodium berghei was inoculated into the apparentlyhealthySwiss albino mice. The curative evaluation of grouped mice used at various concentrations(150mg/kg, 300mg/kg, and 1200mg/kg) alongside negative (distilled water) and positive(10mg/kg chloroquine) controls were performed. The parameters of body weight, packedcell volume and parasitemia were determined using Ranes’ and Peters test. The Phytochemical evaluation of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids and triterpeneswhile, cardiac glycosides and anthraquiones were absent. The single oral dose of 5000mg/kgtoxicity study was not found to be toxic after several observations. The crude extract indosesof150mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 1200mg/kg administered to different group of mice showed decreasedaverage parasitemia, while increased packed cell was observed. The crude extract also preventedweight loss on the last day of the treatment. The crude extract showed significant antiplasmodial activity against P. berghei, depending on the dosage. All extracts in treatment groups decrease parasitemia level in infected mice. This study suggests that the leaf extract of S. setigera possessanti plasmodial activity against plasmodium berghei in a dose dependent manner, and preventedloss of weight and increase packed cell volume which. establish a scientific justification on the traditional use of S. setigera in management of malaria.

Antibacterial Activities of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor Against Selected Bacterial Pathogens

C.C. Otali — 2024-09-03

Mushrooms are the fruit bodies of macrofungal and it is consumed as food by manypeopleacross the world. The cultivation of mushrooms is on the increase as it nowattracts manyconsumers because of its medicinal properties apart from their well known nutritional benefits. This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial activities of Pleurotus ostreatus andPleurotus djamor against some bacterial pathogens. Mushroom culture of Pleurotus ostreatusand Pleurotus djamor were collected from Myco-Farms Ltd, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeriawhile Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates wereobtained from Microbiology Department, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. Hot waterand Whatman disk filter method was used to get extract from Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotusdjamor . Antibacterial assay was determined using Mueller Hinton agar after 24Hof incubationat 37 0C. The results revealed that P. ostreatus zone of inhibitions measured 1.83±0.15cm, 1.70±0.10 cm and 0.93±0.15 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively at a concentration of 100mg/ml of the extract. While the extract of Pleurotusdjamor had inhibition zone of 2.33±0.57cm, 1.93±0.15cm and 0.8±0.10cm for Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The levels of antibacterial activities of these species of mushrooms showed a significant difference (P<0.05) and a possible therapeutic potentials that could be used against common bacterial infections of man. Hence, Pharmacological and research institutions should consider P. ostreatus and P djamor asatherapeutic source for drug production.

Effects of Concentration on Free Convective Heat Transfer in Glycerol

M.S. Ben — 2024-09-03

In a gravitational field, density differences can drive fluid motion in a process knownas freeconvection. Free convection and changing concentration of glycerol are related throughtheconcept of density-driven flow. The effects of concentration on free convective heat transfer isstudied for glycerol for the range of Rayleigh numbers 10 ^-6 ≤ Ra ≤ 10⁹ and Prandtl numbers 6.66≤Pr ≤ 11630. Various appropriate correlations due to Churchill and Chu, Raithby and Holland, Kuehn and Goldstein, Fand et al and Jaluria are used to evaluate the free convective Nusselt number in glycerol as a function of Rayleigh number with fixed concentrations of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Additionally, the Rayleigh number is kept fixed at three regimes of 10^-6 , 100and 10⁹ and the free Nusselt number is evaluated as a function of concentration of glycerol. Amaximum of 42% increase in Nusselt number with concentration is observed fromthe Fandet al correlation

Prevalence of Ectoparasites Infestation Among Some Breeds of Chickens in Alqahira, AkkoLG.A, Gombe State

Ishaku Muhammed — 2024-09-03

Ectoparasitism has been identified as one of the major factors that threaten scavenging village chicken production systems in developing countries. The study examined the prevalence of ectoparasite infestation among chickens in Alqahira quarters in Akko local government, Gombe State. Two hundred chickens, which comprise three species namely: Naked neck, Vendaand Ovambo of both sexes and various ages were sampled. Household with moderate to high numbers of chicken population and that were willing to voluntarily cooperate with the sampling procedures were randomly selected and included in the study, Sampling was carried out for a periodof 2months on weekly basis. Ectoparasites were collected from the body/skin of each bird and not from the ground in order to minimize accidental collections of other arthropods that donot actually parasitize chickens. Examination for ectoparasitic infestations was carried out earlyinthemorning and in the evening. The result of ecto parasite infestation based on experimental siteshowed that Wurro bogga community has the highest number of chicken examined 80 (40%) andalso the highest infestation 55 (68.75%). The result also showed that out of 200 chickens examined, 108 representing 54.0% were found to be infested with ectoparasite with female constituting the highest infestation 70 (64.81%) and males 38 (35.19%). The result further revealed that lice were found to be more abundant 48 (44.44%) followed by mites 28 (25.93%), fleas 17 (15.74%) and the least parasite was ticks 15 (13.89%) respectively. The result of the distribution of the ecto parasite based on breed revealed that venda chickens were found to be more infested 40 (37.04%) than ovambo 39 (36.11%) and naked neck 29 (26.85%), respectively. Application of integrated prevention and control measures like awareness creation to the community on the overall effect of ecto parasites on the productivity of chickens and preventionmethods and further studies to cover investigation of endoparasites of chickens in the study area should be explored.