Risk assessment and management of diphtheria: Strategies for prevention and control

Abstract

Background: Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, poses a persistent global public health challenge despite vaccination efforts. This review aims to provide an overview of diphtheria, risk assessment, management strategies, and challenges in surveillance.

Methods: The review analyzed literature on diphtheria epidemiology, risk assessment, and management strategies, drawing insights  from studies and reports on outbreaks, vaccination campaigns, and surveillance systems. Data from recent occurrences in Nigeria were analyzed to demonstrate the relevance of immunization and early detection in diphtheria management.

Results: Outbreaks in Nigeria  highlight the critical role of immunization, with limited coverage contributing to recent occurrences. Prompt diagnosis and treatment  with antibiotics and antitoxins are essential for managing diphtheria cases. Surveillance systems encounter challenges such as  insufficient data collection and lack of centralized reporting, hindering effective control efforts.

Conclusion: Proactive approaches,  including vaccination, hygiene promotion, and community engagement are crucial for preventing diphtheria spread and reducing its  global burden. This review emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts to strengthen surveillance systems and improve vaccination  coverage to control diphtheria transmission effectively.