Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>: An overview

Abstract

Background: Infections due to antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) presents a major challenge to the health  care systems due to limited treatment options leading to longer hospital stays, higher healthcare costs, and increased mortality rates.

Aim: The aim of this narrative review was to present a comprehensive overview of the strategies P. aeruginosa used to counteract the  effect of antimicrobials and render them ineffective.

Materials and Methods: Databases such as Scopus, PubMed, google scholar, Hinari, Upto-date and AJOL were search for relevant  literatures using the search terms: Resistance mechanism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance, Innate resistance, acquired resistance, Mobile genetic element and P. aeruginosa resistance.

Results: In this review article, we describe the types of antibiotic resistance, factors contributing to the development of antibiotic  resistance, we also provide an overview of the mechanisms that contribute to antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa. We describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of antibiotic resistance, including efflux pumps, alterations in membrane  permeability, and enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics. We also discuss the role of quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and horizontal gene transfer in the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa. Finally, we highlight the potential strategies to  combat antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa, including the development of novel antibiotics, combination therapy, and the use of alternative therapies such as bacteriophages and probiotics.

Conclusion: This review provides valuable insights into the complex  mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa and highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to