Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dengue Virus Among Apparently Healthy Individuals in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a vector‑borne disease with a diverse range of symptoms that mimic malaria and other febrile illnesses common in many African countries like Nigeria. Aim: Our study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of DENV antibodies among apparently healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: From December 2015 to March 2016, a cross‑sectional study was conducted among apparently healthy individuals in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, using a multistage sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was pretested and administered to the study participants, and blood samples were collected and tested for DENV virus antibody using the enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results: Blood samples were collected from 354 participants, out of which 47.5% were women aged between 5 and 80 years (median: 23 years). Anti‑dengue immunoglobulin G antibodies were found in 17 (4.8%) of the study participants, 7 (41.2%) of whom also tested positive for anti‑dengue immunoglobulin M antibodies. Adults over 45 years of age (7; 41.2%) and farmers (8; 47.1%) had the highest seropositivity to dengue antibodies. People living in cleaner environments were 70% less likely to have dengue infection (odds ratio [OR]: 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.12–0.86, p = 0.03), and regular cleaning of gutters was found to be protective (OR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.10, p< 0.001). Conclusion: Dengue infection is present among the study population and could be a cause of fever among them. Being 45 years and above, farming and lacking formal education were identified as factors associated with risk of DENV infection, while clean environment was protective. We recommend improved environmental sanitation and testing for dengue among febrile patients in health facilities.