Animal Research International

Evaluation of blood lipids in two major Nigerian indigenous chickens, Kuroiler and their crossbreds

Tosin Ademola Adedeji — 2024-09-09

This study evaluated the blood lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein). In the study, 18 chickens each of Naked Neck (NN), Normal Feather (NF), Kuroiler (KR) and their crossbreds were used. They were reared under the same environment and management. Chickens were slaughtered and blood samples were taken at 24 weeks of age, the serum was harvested by centrifugation, and then the total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were assayed using an enzymatic kit, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined using the Friedwald equation. The results obtained indicated that genotype significantly differed (p<0.01) in TCH, TG and HDL levels. Sexwisely, males had significantly higher (p<0.01) levels of TCH (96.99 ± 8.78 mg/dL), TG (102.98 ± 11.15 mg/dL) and LDL (52.11 ± 2.12 mg/dL) in all the genotypes than its female counterpart. Furthermore, NN progenies recorded the lowest values in all parameters studied, TCH (61.44 ± 5.09 mg/dL), TG (61.23 ± 19.46 mg/dL), HDL (26.84 ± 4.04 mg/dL) and LDL (32.55 ± 14.10 mg/dL). The TCH and TG were low in both NN and NF chickens but the HDL and LDL were very low in NN birds while the level of cholesterol and fat was high in the pure exotic breed and low in the crossbred progenies. The reported lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations are reflected in their concentrations in blood and protect human beings from atherosclerosis. Therefore, estimation of blood lipid in these birds is recommended for future study.

Comparison of mathematical models describing the growth of tropically adapted Ross 308 commercial broiler chickens

Osamede Henry Osaiyuwu — 2024-09-09

Mathematical growth models are useful in describing the growth of livestock. The study was done to assess the predictive ability and accuracy of four three-parameter nonlinear mathematical models (namely: Gompertz, Gompertz-Laird, Logistic, and von Bertalanffy) and one four-parameter (namely: Richards) nonlinear mathematical model. Models were used to predict the body weight (BW) of commercial Ross broiler chickens adapted to tropical conditions (n = 1,286). Age-weight data were collected once every week for 6 weeks. The Gauss-Newton iterative process of the nonlinear procedure in SAS was employed to obtain the parameters for each model. In addition, each model's goodnessof-fit, residuals, and computational difficulty were estimated. Model parameters were evaluated using Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), adjusted coefficient of determination (AdjR2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE). The AdjR2 value for all five models was high; however, the highest value was observed in the Gompertz and Gompertz-Laird models. Furthermore, the lowest AIC, BIC and RMSE values were observed in the Gompertz models. Using a complimentary method (involving a subjective pairwise comparison of the observed and predicted BWs), the Logistic, Gompertz-Laird, von Bertalanffy, and Richards models fitted well for the data used. However, the best fitting was obtained in the Gompertz model. Some similarities were observed between the Logistic and Richards models. In conclusion, all five nonlinear mathematical models fitted the age weight data used in this study well, with the Gompertz model being the best.

Microplastic pollution of the Amansea axis of Ezu River with emphasis on its spatial concentrations within the aquatic ecosystem

Innocent Ikechukwu Offorbuike — 2024-09-09

Microplastic pollution is adversely impacting the Amansea section of Ezu River in Anambra State, adversely affecting local aquatic life. This study examined microplastic pollution in the Amansea section of Ezu River, Anambra State. Water and fish samples (Xenomystus nigri, Malapterurus electricus, and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) were collected from three sections of the river: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The physicochemical parameters of water: temperature, pH, TDS, EC, DO, alkalinity, and TSS, were measured using standard water analysis techniques, while microplastics were extracted and identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical analysis revealed the highest microplastic levels at the upstream section of Ezu River (0.23 ± 0.12), with lower levels at the midstream and downstream sections (0.14 ± 0.16). The fish X. nigri had the highest microplastic load in gills (0.53 ± 0.08) and tissues (0.7 ± 0.04). Different microplastic types prevailed across locations and fish species: upstream water and M. electricus gills contained mostly polyvinyl alcohol, X. nigri gills predominantly had alginic acid sodium salt powder, and P. fulvidraco gills and fish tissues featured polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylamide carboxyl, respectively. Neoprene was notably present in X. nigri tissues. Fish samples (0.41 ± 0.19) were more polluted than water samples (0.17 ± 0.15). These findings highlight the presence of microplastic pollutants in the Ezu River and its potential impact on aquatic organisms. Hence, implementing strict regulations on plastic waste management, raising public awareness, and promoting sustainable practices, continued monitoring and research are recommended as essential and effective mitigation measures.

Growth performance indices, carcass characteristics and organ weights in broiler finishers fed diets containing replacement of soyabean meal with Moringa oleifer a leaf meal

Kayode Sule — 2024-09-09

The escalating prices of conventional plant protein sources like soyabean and groundnut cake in Nigeria have prompted exploration into alternative feed ingredients for poultry nutrition. Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) presents a promising substitute due to its nutrient-rich composition and cost-effective cultivation. This study investigated the effects of substituting soyabean meal (SBM) with MOLM on growth performance indices, carcass characteristics, and organ weights in broiler finishers on an equal protein basis. Five diets were formulated, where in SBM protein was replaced with that of MOLM at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% levels. 200 four-week old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to these diets in a completely randomized design, with each treatment having four replicates. Analysis of MOLM's proximate composition suggested its suitability as a substitute for SBM. Up to 50% inclusion of MOLM resulted in weight gain and feed conversion ratio similar to the control (p>0.05). However, higher inclusion levels led to decreased feed intake, weight gain, and poorer feed conversion efficiency, likely due to increased fibre content. Carcass traits were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by MOLM inclusion up to 50% level. Organ weights were largely unaffected except for the liver, spleen, and bursa, which showed variations with different levels of MOLM inclusion. Substituting SBM with MOLM at up to 50% did not negatively impact broiler growth performance or carcass characteristics. However, further research is needed to optimize MOLM inclusion levels and address the effects of high fibre content in poultry diets.

Bacteriological and physicochemical analysis of a crude oil-polluted soil undergoing laboratory-scale bioremediation

Maryjoy Chidinma Maduwuba — 2024-09-09

The bacteriological and physicochemical quality of crude oil-polluted soil undergoing laboratory-scale bioremediation was evaluated. Soil samples were collected from an abandoned oil field in the Gio community, Ogoni land, Nigeria. Four different bioremediations experimental setups comprised of the polluted soil only (A), polluted soil with bacterial consortium (B), polluted soil with NPK fertilizer (C) and polluted soil with cow dung (D) were employed in the degradation of crude oil-derived hydrocarbons present in the soil and monitored for 40 days. During treatment, there was an increase in total culturable heterotrophic bacterial count (TCHBC) and total culturable hydrocarbon utilising bacterial count (TCHUBC), especially in the test treatment (B) which experienced about 22.2% increase in TCHUBC. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration reduced over treatment time by 33.8, 62.3, 61.49, and 40.25% respectively, for Samples A, B, C and D. Overall, pH reduced from highly acidic tending towards neutral pH. There was also an overall reduction in the percentage of moisture and phosphate concentration. There was an initial increase in nitrate concentration at day 20 for all samples but a decline in concentration at day 40. There was a 71% reduction in TOC in Sample A, 83% reduction in Sample B, and 79 and 24% reduction in samples C and D. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of each treatment approach in the degradation of hydrocarbons, especially the use of indigenous bacterial consortium from polluted soil. The role of bacterial consortium in bioremediation proves their ability to clean hydrocarbon-impacted systems for environmental restoration.

Nutrient composition of selected tropical forages and their effect on acceptability in rabbit feeding

Ugochi Esther Okpakpor — 2024-09-09

Rabbits' ability to use forages is an important factor in rabbit nutrition. Tridax procumbens, Euphobia heterophylla, Alternanthera brasiliana, Aspilia africana, and Tithonia diversifolia are common forages for rabbits. Previous authors have reported the nutrient composition of these plants, but there is scanty information on how the available nutrient affects the consumption preference of these plants. This study was designed to ascertain the effect of nutrients present in these plants on their preferences. A total of 30 weaner rabbits (New Zealand White) were used in the experiment. The rabbits were separated into groups A and B, fifteen rabbits were in each group. Animals in Group A were offered fresh forages, while those in Group B were offered dry forages in a cafeteria arrangement. With the aid of cameras installed in the pens, the behaviours of experimental animals were recorded to help study the frequency of visitation to the various forages. Results of this study showed that E. heterophylla was the most visited, while A. africana was the least visited. The crude protein (CP) in the forages ranged from 4.70 – 5.62% with T. diversifolia and E. heterophylla having the significantly (p<0.05) highest and lowest values, respectively. A. africana recorded significantly highest (p<0.05) values for NDF, ADF and ADL followed by T. procumbens. Hemicellulose of E. heterophylla was significant (p<0.05). It was concluded that of the selected forages, E. heterophylla was the most preferred while the least was A. africana.

Performance, carcass weights and cost of production of broiler chickens fed black soldier fly larvae meal diets

Muyiwa Adegbenro — 2024-09-09

This study investigated black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a replacement for fish meal on growth performance and economy of production of broiler chickens. Black soldier fly larvae were processed, dried and milled. 250 Cobb 500 breed day-old chicks were randomly allotted at 50 chicks per treatment (five) in a Completely Randomized Design. The BSFLM was used to replace fish meal at graded levels 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and designated diets I, II, III, IV and V, and diets and water were fed to the chickens ad libitum. The result showed that the feed intake was significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the dietary treatments. The highest feed intake (5069.10 ± 43.42 g/bird) was recorded in bird-fed Diet I, while the lowest feed intake (4855.93 ± 130.69 g/bird) was recorded in bird-fed Diet IV. The highest final weight (2000.00 ± 50.00 g) and best feed conversion ratio (2.52 ± 0.13) were recorded in birds fed diets I and III, respectively. The highest dressed and eviscerated weights (91.19 ± 23.85 and 76.51 ± 10.59%) were recorded in birds fed Diet IV and III, respectively. The highest net profit/bird (N3208.48) was recorded in bird-fed Diet V. The percentage of net profit/bird increased as the level of BSLM inclusion increased. It is concluded within the limit of this study that replacing FM with BSLM will reduce the high cost of finished feed, thereby increasing farmers' profit and making animal protein available to the populace.

Effect of feed forms and conical feeder openings on growth performance and organ characteristics of broiler chickens at finisher phase

Olayele Joseph Ogunnusi — 2024-09-09

This study investigated the effect of feed form and conical feeder openings on broiler chickens' performance and organ characteristics. 180 starter broiler chickens four weeks old were allotted to two treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial experimental design (two feed forms – mash and pellet; three conical feeder openings – 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 cm) were used for the investigation that lasted four weeks. Broiler chickens were fed ad libitum. Daily feed intake was recorded, and the birds' weight changes and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined during the feeding trial. At eight weeks of feeding, 32 birds were randomly selected and slaughtered for organ characteristics. The result showed that the final weight (3795.56 ± 39.25 g) and weight gain (2342.22 ± 34.66 g) of birds fed pelleted feed were significantly different (p<0.01) from those on mash. The FCR was significantly lower (p<0.01) for broilers fed pellet (2.57 ± 0.04) compared with those offered mash (2.85 ± 0.02). The growth performance of broiler chickens fed pelleted feed in a 1.5 cm conical feeder opening was best (p<0.05) compared with other treatments. The relative organs had no significant (p>0.01) effect except for the large intestine which was significantly lower in birds fed mash feed form compared to the pelleted group. It is concluded that feeding broiler chicken finishers with pelleted feed and a feeder opening of 1.5 cm greatly influenced the feed intake and performance of the broiler chickens.

Performance of West African Dwarf goats fed microbial treated Bambara nutshell

Aderonke Adebukola Adeyeye — 2024-09-09

A study was conducted using twenty-one (21) West African Dwarf (WAD) goats with an average weight of 10.50 ± 0.36 kg to evaluate the nutrient intake, weight gain, and nitrogen balance of WAD goats fed microbial-treated Bambara nutshell diets. The chemical and mineral compositions of the diets were also determined. The goats were allotted to seven dietary treatments, replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The Bambara nutshells were sterilized for 15 minutes, inoculated with 25, 50, and 75 ml of each Pleurotus pulmonaris and Aspergillus niger, incubated for 7 days and air dried. The treated Bambara nutshell was incorporated into the diets at the rate of 0ml (Diet A), 25 ml P. pulmonaris (Diet B), 50 ml P. pulmonaris (Diet C), (Diet D), 75 ml P. pulmonaris (Diet E), 25 ml A. niger (Diet F) 50 ml A. niger and (Diet G) 75 ml A. niger respectively. The experimental period lasted for 56 days excluding 2 weeks of adaptation. Results showed that the proximate compositions were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the treatment except for crude protein (CP). Diet F had the highest dry matter (DM) values (94.77%) and CP (20.33%) while Diet C had the least (92.33%) DM and Diet G (19.16%) had the least CP. Goats fed Diet D had the highest daily weight gain (107.14 g/day), and best feed/gain ratio of 6.20. Conclusively, microbial treatment of Bambara nutshell will help in the conversion of these wastes to better quality ruminant feed for better performance.

Comparative study of the growth performance and feed utilization parameters of local and exotic chicks in an intensive rearing system

Izuchukwu Emmanuel Udokwu — 2024-09-09

A comparative study of local and exotic chicks' growth performance and feed utilization under an intensive rearing system was undertaken. A total of 32 chicks comprising 16 birds each of local and exotic breeds were studied. All birds were raised from day-old to eight weeks of age under identical housing, feeding, and management procedures during which growth and feed utilization parameters were measured. At the end of the study, the exotic breed had a significantly higher (p<0.05) mean weight than the local breed (Exotic 241.60 ± 51.33, Local 36.14 ± 9.08). Local breed had a significantly lower (p<0.05) mean feed intake (FI) (Local 168.65 ± 29.94, Exotic 665.00 ± 112.82) over the same period. The mean feed efficiency ratio (FER) of the exotic breed was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the local breed (Exotic 0.38 ± 0.05, local 0.20 ± 0.03). Furthermore, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean specific growth rate (SGR) and the mean feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the two breeds when compared weekly, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the exotic breed was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of the local breed throughout the experimental period. In conclusion, the exotic chickens had better growth rates than local chickens, as observed in their linear body measurements. The local chickens consume less feed when compared to exotic counterparts reared under the same conditions despite a significant improvement in the growth and feed utilization of local chickens.

Effects of Curcuma longa rhizomes (turmeric) on reproductive performance in rabbits in the humid tropics

Samuel Okezie Ekere — 2024-09-09

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of graded levels of Curcuma longa (turmeric) powder on the kits sired by dosed male and female rabbits. Twenty rabbits (16 does and 4 bucks) 7 months of age were used for this experiment. The does and bucks were assigned to four groups (A – D) of 4 does to 1 buck per group. Groups A, B and C received 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of turmeric powder reconstituted in distilled water. Group D (control) received 1 ml of distilled water. Dosing was done per os daily for 30 days before the buck in each group was allowed to cohabit with the dose of the corresponding group. Gestational length, litter body weights (at birth), litter size and crown-rump lengths were all measured. There were no significant variations (p>0.05) in the gestation length of does and litter body weight in all the groups. The mean litter size in Group B does was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of Group D does. The crownrump length of pups from does in all the turmeric-treated groups (A, B and C) were however significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of pups from Group D. The results of this study showed that at 500 mg/kg of turmeric powder, the dose had improved reproductive performance than when given at a higher dosage (1000 mg/kg) of turmeric powder per os.

Studies on the genetic improvement of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus burchell, 1822) by triploidy

Nelson Ike Ossai — 2024-09-09

This study sought to assess the possibility of genetically improving the performance of the African catfish using triploidy techniques. The experiment was carried out using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with varied temperatures, time spent before shock after fertilisation, and durations of the shock for the triploid production experiment and four treatments replicated thrice for the culture experiment. Fertilised eggs from each female parent stock were subjected to either cold or heat shock treatments. The result showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the hatching time and survival of the fertilized eggs subjected to different cold and heat shock treatments as compared to the control which recorded the shortest hatching time of 22.48 ± 0.00 hours. The temperature regime of 2^oC recorded the highest approximate yield of triploids (98.33 ± 1.66%), while the prolonged duration of the shock of 30 minutes at the temperature regime of 3^oC significantly increased (p<0.05) triploid yield. Comparatively, triploids significantly gained more weight, had an increased growth rate, and grew longer than the diploid counterparts with an average of 11.22 ± 1.07 g, 0.013 ± 0.001%, and 21.49 ± 0.47 cm respectively. The highest comparative cost of the diet of 1000 catfish juveniles occurred in triploids with a stocking density of 7 fishes/m² (N14,132.50). However, the seed, feed, and variable costs consistently decreased with increasing stocking densities across the ploidies. It is therefore concluded that the triploids were superior in both production attributes and cost benefits.

Antibacterial and antioxidative effects of Aloe barbadensis leaf methanol extracts on quality and Spermatozoa fertilising potential of extended Red Sokoto buck semen

Folorunso Pete Agbaye — 2024-09-09

A study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidative effects of Aloe barbadensis leaf methanolic extract (ABLME) on the quality and spermatozoa fertilising potential of extended goat semen. 100 g of fresh A. barbadensis leaves were washed, chopped, dried, ground and extracted with 95.0% methanol (ABLME). The ABLME was added to egg yolk + sodium citrate (EYSC) diluent at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/L and used to extend the goat semen. The extended semen samples were stored at 4^oC and were evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post storage. All treatments were replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Spermatozoa progressive motility (SPM), spermatozoa liveability (SPL), normal spermatozoa (NSP), acrosome integrity (ACI), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), secondary morphological abnormalities (SMA) and microbial load (CFU/mL) were evaluated and analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Significant reduction in microbial load was observed in samples with 2.0 g/L ABLME (6.83 ± 4.80%) compared to control (27.50 ± 3.20%) at 48 hours. Reduced SMA was recorded for 2.00 g/L ABLME (9.00 ± 0.90%) compared to control (13.67 ± 1.00%). Methanolic extract (2.00 g/L) of A. barbadensis included in egg yolk + sodium citrate diluent gave antibacterial activity to extended buck semen for up to 48 hours.

Effect of slaughtering processes on meat quality of cattle in Akure South and North Local Government areas of Ondo State, Nigeria

Muyiwa Adegbenro — 2024-09-09

The study investigated how the impact of various slaughtering methods affects the quality of beef in Akure South and North Local Government Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria, utilizing questionnaire-based data collection, the study employed a multi-stage sampling method involving 40 cattle butchers. Results show that 97.5% of the butchers were male, with skinning and singeing being the most common methods of carcass dressing. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in cooking loss with the highest values (42.19 ± 0.77 %) observed in singeing, while skinning had the lowest value (40.52 ± 1.19%). Meat samples from the singeing had the highest thaw loss value (3.10 ± 0.62%) compared to skinning (1.45 ± 0.54%). The sensory evaluation shows no significant (p>0.05) difference. Skinning had the highest values (6.13 ± 0.21, 6.20 ± 0.17) for juiciness and tenderness, while singeing had the lowest values (6.12 ± 0.10, 5.92 ± 0.28). Singeing had the highest values for flavour and overall acceptability (6.05 ± 0.23, 6.43 ± 0.17) compared to skinning (5.98 ± 0.20,6.40 ± 0.26). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in the microbial status. Singeing meat recorded the highest bacterial count at 14.00 CFU/ml x 10^-7, while skinning had the lowest count (4.50 CFU/ml x 10^-7 ). Skin samples also presented the highest number of microbial isolates, including coliforms such as E. coli, observed in both singeing and skinning methods. Meticulous handling ensures food safety and satisfaction; skinning reduces bacterial contamination and produces tender meat compared to singeing.

Histopathology of Wistar albino rats fed raw and processed Cola rostrata (monkey cola) seed meal

Grace Idiong Christopher — 2024-09-09

Anti-nutritional contents of feedstuffs have deleterious effects on human/animal nutrition. Reducing the anti-nutritional content of these feedstuffs and enhancing their use in feed formulation, requires appropriate processing methods. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of feeding processed and raw Cola rostrata (monkey cola) seed meal (CRSM) on the histopathology of some organs (liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum and ileum), of male albino rats. The CRSM was processed using four different methods i.e. boiling only, boiling and fermenting, fermenting only, and toasting. Six experimental diets were formulated with diet T₁ (Control) containing 0% CRSM, while diets T₂, T₃, T₄, T₅ and T₆ contained, boiled, boiled and fermented, fermented, toasted and raw CRSM respectively. 90 male rats (aged, 6 – 7 weeks), were divided into six dietary treatment groups of five animals triplicated in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 21 days and the data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means separated using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results indicated that rats on T₁ and T₂ recorded no noticeable defects or abnormalities in all the organs observed. However, focal segmental sclerosis in the kidney, hepatocellular necrosis of the liver, hypercellularity and disorganisation of the mucosal glandular tissues were observed in rats from the other treatments (T₆, T₃, T₄, and T₅). It can be concluded that C. rostrata seed boiled for at least 30 minutes can be used as a feed ingredient in animal diets without any deleterious effect on their organs.

Assessment of growth performance of finished broiler chickens fed supplemented ginger meal as a phytobiotic feed additive

Samuel Shehu Ndams — 2024-09-09

A 28-day experiment was conducted to examine the effect of additive ginger meal (GM) as a phytobiotic in the diets of broiler chickens in terms of feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). 96 four-weeks-old broiler chickens were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments each replicated thrice (eight birds per replicate). Four experimental diets were formulated with the control (D1) without GM (0%). Bird’s group on diets D2, D3 and D4 were fed with GM supplemented at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% levels respectively. The FI of birds fed a 0.2% GM-supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to birds fed 0, 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets The BWG of birds fed a 0.2% GM-supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to those on 0, 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets. The BWG of birds fed 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets were similar (p>0.05) but significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to control. The FCR of birds fed 0.2% GM-supplemented was statistically better (p<0.05) compared to those fed 0, 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets. The FCR of birds fed 0.1% and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets were similar (p>0.05) but significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to the control diet. Feed cost (N) per kg gain increases with increased levels of GM supplementation in the diets. It is concluded that the feeding of broiler finisher chickens with GM supplemented at 0.2% improves performance and can be a viable alternative to antibiotic feed additives in the diets of broiler finisher chickens.

Fish consumption preferences and contributing factors among residents of Mpwapwa District, Dodoma Region, Tanzania

Edward Moto — 2024-09-09

Socioeconomic aspects mainly drive fish consumption preferences among consumers. A study was carried out to assess the fish preference, quantity of fish consumed, frequency and socioeconomic characteristics of consumers in Mpwapwa District in 2023. Factors affecting fish consumption by the residents of Mpwapwa District were also explored. A sample size of 150 individuals from various villages of Mpwapwa District was randomly selected to ensure representation across diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. An open ended structured questionnaire was employed in data collection. Results indicated that 44.00% of the respondents favoured eating tilapia, 37.33% preferred catfish and 18.67% ate other fishes. Most respondents ate fish once per week (41.00%), while few ate fish more than once per week (23.00%). A significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between fish consumption frequency and income and education level was observed. Fish consumption among age groups, marital status, gender, education level and season were observed to vary significantly (p<0.05). The amount and frequency of fish consumption in Mpwapwa District is below that of Tanzania and the worldwide average, particularly for lower socioeconomic groups. Fish consumption in Mpwapwa can be increased by providing education and training to the community on the importance of fish consumption and improved sanitation in the fish marketplace. Concurrently, fish availability and consumption should be dispersed throughout the year instead of being consumed seasonally. This study provides useful information for increasing fish consumption in Mpwapwa District.

Effects of the probiotic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed supplementation on oocyst shedding, haematology and serum proteins of broilers experimentally infected with mixed Eimeria oocysts

Gabriel Ifeanyi Odenigbo — 2024-09-09

This study determines the effects of probiotics - Saccharomyces cerevisiae on oocysts shedding, haematology and serum proteins of broilers infected with mixed Eimeria oocysts. 120-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four groups (Groups A – D) of 30 birds each. Group A - was fed a plain diet and not infected, Group B - was fed a supplemented diet and infected, Group C - was fed a plain diet and infected, and Group D - was fed a supplemented diet and not infected. S. cerevisiae was supplemented at 0.1%/kg of feed. At week 3, Groups B and C were infected with sporulated mixed Eimeria oocysts orally, followed by a daily faecal examination of all groups. The rate of oocyst shedding, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, total white blood cell (WBC) count, differential WBC count and serum levels of total protein, albumin and globulin were determined at five days’ intervals. The data collected were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance at a 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). Group C had the significantly higher (p<0.05) number of oocysts in faeces, total WBC count and globulin levels, with the lowest PCV, Hb, RBC count, total protein and albumin levels. Group D had significantly higher (p<0.05) heterophil, eosinophil and monocyte counts. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with S. cerevisiae (1 g/kg) ameliorated the effect of Eimeria infection in broilers, by reducing the rate of oocyst shedding, anaemia and hypoproteinaemia due to the activity of the parasite.

Dystocia with multiple complications in a White Fulani cow

Olumide Samuel Ajani — 2024-09-09

Multiple complications associated with dystocia are common outcomes of oxytocin abuse in managing bovine dystocia by farmers in rural settings. Most of these outcomes are either unreported or under-reported due to the eventual loss of both the dam and foetus. A 6-year-old White Fulani cow weighing 300 kg was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, with difficult labour noticed about 4 days before presentation. The owner had reportedly administered 40 IU of Oxytocin intramuscularly before bringing the cow to the clinic. The animal was multiparous and kept under an intensive management system with other cows at the owner’s residence. On physical examination, the cow was weak, recumbent and bloated, with a prolapsed vagina. Clinical examination revealed evidence of hypocalcaemia and dehydration. There was no foetal presentation, and the cervix was tightly closed. The foetus, weighing 28 kg, was successfully delivered by Caesarean section. Post-surgery, the cow retained the placenta and was unable to stand for more than 12 hours. Despite intensive care, the animal died about 18 hours post-surgery. This article describes an emergency Caesarean section in a White Fulani cow that had been previously and unduly exposed to oxytocin resulting in multiple complications.

Effect of Xylopia aethiopica fruit powder on haematological and serum biochemical indices of finisher broiler chickens

Felicia Eyoanwan Solomon — 2024-09-09

This study was carried out to determine the effect of Xylopia aethiopica fruit powder on broiler chickens' haematological and serum biochemical indices. A total of two hundred broiler chickens (Abor acre) at twenty- eight days of age was used for the experiment. Five experimental diets were formulated and labelled T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅. Treatment one contained no X. aethiopica fruit powder while T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅ contained X. aethiopica fruit powder at 100, 200, 300 and 400 g per 100 kg feed respectively. The broiler chickens were divided into five groups of forty birds and each group was assigned one of the treatment diets in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each group was further divided into four replicates of ten birds per replicate. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Blood was collected for haematological and Serum biochemistry analysis on the (28) twenty-eight days of the experiment. The blood samples collected were analysed for haematological parameters and Serum biochemical parameters. The results showed that the diets did not significantly affect all the haematological parameters (p>0.05). There are significant reductions (p<0.05) in the values of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein, as the level of X. aethiopica fruit powder increased in the diet. In contrast, a significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in high-density lipoprotein. Therefore, it may be concluded that including X. aethiopica fruit powder at 400 g/100 kg, feed enhanced Serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens.

Body weight and linear morphometric relationship of three exotic and two local improved strains of chicken naturally infected with Eimera tenella oocysts

Adeyinka Ignatius Fadahunsi — 2024-09-09

Research has established the impact of coccidial infection on the general well-being and body weight (BWT) of chickens. This study was conducted to establish the relationship between BWT and linear morphometric traits of five chicken strains infected with coccidial oocytes. 500-day-old chicks of Arbor Acres, Hubbard, Marshall, Noiler and FUNAAB-Alpha were used for this study. Body morphometric data was collected weekly for eight weeks and subjected to appropriate statistical methods. Correlation coefficient values revealed that the highest positive correlation (0.84) for Marshall strain was between BWT and body circumference (BCF), followed by 0.70 obtained between the drumstick length (DSL) and the shank length (SHL). The Noiler strain had its highest (0.95) correlation between wing length (WGL) and nose-shoulder length (NSL), while the WGL and BCF had a value of 0.90. FUNAAB-Alpha strain had the highest value between BWT and shank weight (0.91) and the least (0.03) between SHL and NSL. The correlation between WGL and nose-to-shoulder length (0.83) was highest in the Abor Acre strain, while the lowest was between BCF and SHL (0.23). Hubbard strain had a correlation of 0.66 between circumference and BWT. All strains exhibited varying patterns of correlation values under diseased conditions. However, the Noiler strain demonstrated robust positive correlations between BWT and linear morphometric traits, which implies that improvements in one trait can lead to enhancements in other correlated traits, providing opportunities for genetic manipulation and selective breeding.

Evaluation of cardiopulmonary, haematological and biochemical responses of chlorpromazine or chlorpromazine-pentazocine sedated West African Dwarf goats

Foluso Bolawaye Bolaji-Alabi — 2024-09-09

Goats respond to pain and often require chemical restraints for veterinary procedures. Information regarding the cardiopulmonary, haematological and biochemical effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) or chlorpromazine-pentazocine (CPZ-PTZ) in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats has not been fully established. The study aimed to evaluate the cardiopulmonary, haematological and biochemical responses of WAD goats following sedation with either CPZ alone or a combination of CPZ-PTZ. Six healthy adult WAD bucks were randomly selected for two separate experiments using CPZ or CPZ-PTZ in a prospective crossover trial. Anaesthetic indices were taken. Blood samples were collected before the experiment (0 minutes), 45 minutes, 90 minutes and 24 hours for haematology and serum biochemistry assay. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (°C) were measured at intervals of 10 minutes for 90 minutes. In between clinical trials, the bucks were given a 14-day break. The duration of recumbency for CPZ (43.00 ± 12.95 minutes) was significantly lower compared to the CPZ-PTZ protocol (46.50 ± 27.32 minutes). Analgesia was recorded in only the CPZ-PTZ group for 41.67 ± 1.75 minutes. The HR was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the CPZ-PTZ group than in the CPZ group from 0 to 70 minutes. The CPZ-PTZ protocol was a better one as it did not exert a negative effect on the red blood cells or serum protein compared with CPZ alone in the goats. Haematological, biochemical and cardiopulmonary changes were also evident in the goats. Further research may determine the risk-benefit profile of this anaesthetic regimen.