Animal Research International

The influence of biochar in improving the growth rate of black soldier fly larvae and the quality of frass

2025-01-10T20:04:38+00:00

The use of black soldier fly (BSF) technology is a good organic waste management technique that results in the production of valuable agricultural products. Waste management uses different technologies depending on the type of waste being handled. This study manages organic waste using BSF. The BSF larvae have a high ability to degrade organic waste, and after degrading the larvae are harvested for animal feed as a protein source. The quality of harvested BSF larvae depends on what they eat. In this study, biochar was blended with market wastes, and fed to BSF larvae to improve both the larvae's growth rate and the quality of the frass. Biochar absorbs moisture in the feed making the BSF larvae grow well in optimal moisture content. The results indicated that including 25% biochar in rearing BSF larvae improves their growth rate. The weight of the larvae obtained in each substrate on the harvested day were 0.25 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.01 g in BI and MW, respectively. The unconsumed feed (frass) from each substrate used to grow vegetables and the growth parameters recorded show that the plants grow better in BI than in frass from MW and BI. Plants grown in frass without biochar grow slowly. Therefore, for more productivity of BSF larvae biochar should be blended in the BSF feed. This also reduces the smell of the fermented BSF feed and improves the quality of the frass.

The ameliorative potential of Vernonia amagdalina on the amino acid profile of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) exposed to diclofenac

2025-01-10T20:09:12+00:00

The inappropriate disposal of wastes causes an imbalance in natural aquatic ecosystems, affecting the marine environments, human health, and productive activities. This present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of a medicinal plant, bitter leaf extract (BLE) on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings contaminated with diclofenac (DFC) using amino acid profile indices. The fingerlings were exposed to different concentrations of both BLE (6% body weight) and DCF (0.4mg/L) after a series of rangefinding tests. Liver tissues of the experimental fishes were collected on the 14^th and 28^th day and were analyzed for the assessment of amino acid profile. The result obtained on the amino acid profile of C. gariepinus showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the treatments with BLE (1.06 ± 0.04 to 15.22 ± 0.01) and DCF (0.48 ± 0.04 to 14.79 ± 0.04) when compared to their control group. Glycine, alanine, serine, glutamate, arginine, tyrosine, leucine and histidine showed a significant increase (p<0.05) while cystine and methionine showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) when compared to their control groups (0.29 ± 0.00 to 13.77 ± 0.04). Threonine, valine, isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, aspartate, proline and lysine varied when compared to their control groups. The results indicate that the given concentration of DCF and V. amygdalina may have no adverse effect on the amino acid profile of C. gariepinus. However, this study has shown the ameliorative potential of V. amygdalin against the effect of DCF in C. gariepinus.

Studies on Fin-Fish assemblage and diversity assessment of upper Bonny River, using morphology and molecular methods of identification

2025-01-10T20:23:41+00:00

This research focuses on the critical issue of biodiversity loss, primarily caused by the misidentification of economically important fish species. Fish samples were obtained at three stations twice in a month from November 2022 to September 2023 with the aid of local fishers using gill nets and cast nets for ecological studies of important fish species of Bonny River, Okrika LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria. The sampling results showed a total composition of 23,102 individuals belonging to six (6) orders, twelve (12) families, fourteen (14) genera and nineteen (19) species which were identified using a combination of DNA barcoding using mitochondrion cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene marker and morphological method. The tissue samples for 8 species (Pseudotolithus senegallus, Pseudotolithus typhus, Pseudotolithus elongatus, Pangasius polyuranodon, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Neochelon falcipinnus, Coptodon guineensis and Lutjanus aratus) were excised, DNA isolated, amplified and sequenced. Cichlidae showed the highest diversity of 31.41% with three (3) species, Sciaenidae had a diversity value of 24.42% with three species and the remaining 10 families below 10%. Fish diversity was observed to be higher in January 2023 with 19 fish species and lowest in September 2023 with 9 fish species. The Berger-Parker's dominance (d) ranged from 0.01 to 0.31 depicting the dominance of a few species. Simpson's diversity index ranged from 0.90 to 0.99. The study highlights that the high fish diversity in specific species and families within the Bonny River may be attributed to inadequate managerial practices in Bonny fisheries.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Greek yoghurt fortified with carrots

2025-01-10T20:34:28+00:00

This study investigates the impact of carrots on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Greek yoghurt in 24-hour, 7-, 14- and 21-day storage periods. Greek yoghurt was produced by reconstituting 1500 g of powdered milk with 5 litres of water, homogenised, pasteurised at 45°C for 3 minutes, and cooled. 15000 g of sugar and blanched carrots were added at varying levels: 0 g (T1) control, 100 g (T2), 200 g (T3), 300 g (T4), and 400 g (T5). The mixture was incubated at 43°C for 14 hours, strained, packaged, and refrigerated at 4°C for 21 days. A completely randomised 5×4 factorial design was adopted. Results showed significant effects (p<0.05) of storage and carrot inclusion on all parameters. Water holding capacity ranged from 61.38 ± 0.03 to 68.06 ± 0.06% and viscosity from 521.03 ± 0.01 to 544.67 ± 0.02 Pa.s. The pH values increased with storage from 4.40 ± 0.00 to 5.11 ± 0.00 and decreased with carrot inclusion, from 5.23 ± 0.01 to 4.67 ± 0.00. Moisture content increased with storage from 53.84 ± 0.02 to 62.60 ± 0.03%, while fat (7.69 ± 0.01 to 6.50 ± 0.00%), protein (12.75 ± 0.01 to 9.72 ± 0.01%) and carbohydrate (23.74 ± 0.03 to 19.72 ± 0.03%) contents decreased over time. Antioxidant activity (DPPH) decreased over time, with T3 having the highest (43.41 ± 0.03%) and T5 having the lowest (34.43 ± 0.01%) values. In conclusion, adding 200 g/L of Greek yoghurt provides the best functional Greek yoghurt product.

Comparative evaluation of meat quality parameters of domestic pigeons and selected conventional poultry species

2025-01-10T20:39:53+00:00

The rising demand for poultry meat due to global population growth has emphasised the necessity of finding alternative protein sources to reduce pressure on conventional species like chickens and turkeys. This study examines the meat quality characteristics of the domestic pigeon compared to traditional poultry species which are consumed in Nigeria (laying birds, broilers and turkey), to meet consumer expectations and encourage sustainable dietary habits. Proximate analysis and meat quality assessments were conducted on both sexes, including laying birds, turkeys, broiler chickens, and pigeons. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in moisture, protein and fat content among species, with pigeons demonstrating higher protein and lower fat contents. Furthermore, significant variations (p<0.05) in thawing loss, cooking loss, cold shortening and thermal shortening were observed across species and sexes. Organoleptic evaluations highlighted species-specific variations in colour, tenderness and overall acceptability, with pigeon meat scoring lower in colour and tenderness. These findings underscore the potential of pigeon meat as a sustainable protein source and emphasised the importance of its inclusion in global diets. The study contributes to understanding poultry meat quality dynamics, providing valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers and consumers to support sustainable feeding practices in an evolving global landscape.

Phenotypic characterization of the Muturu and Bunaji breeds of cattle at different age groups

2025-01-11T09:32:35+00:00

This study was carried out in Ebonyi and Kogi States of Nigeria. Ranched animals were used for the study. A total of one hundred and fifty-two (152) consisting of 76 each of Muturu and Bunaji cattle breeds were used for the study. The study was a symmetrical factorial (2 × 2 × 5) arrangement in a complete randomized design (CRD). The factors include breeds of cattle (Muturu and Bunaji), sex and age groups (one to five years). Linear body traits were measured on individual Muturu and Bunaji cattle with the aid of a flexible tape. A weighing balance was used to take the weight of the animals. The animals were restrained by their handlers to ease the body measurements. Body linear traits (BLT) were measured in centimetres (cm) while BWT was measured in kilograms (kg). The age of the individual animal was determined by the number of the rings on their horns while the polled animal's age was determined by their dentition also Muturu and Bunaji owners have the age records of their animals. The best parameters that predict BWT using BLT were CGH and BLH. The result of this study reveals that the Muturu cattle had lower values for BLT (HWS, CGH, BLH, FLH and TLH) than the Bunaji breed. The study indicates that certain linear parameters varied significantly between Bunaji and Muturu cattle breeds. These differences suggest distinct morphological features unique to each breed. Bunaji cattle exhibited a notable increase in ELH, HLH and FLH compared to Muturu.

Effect of Jatropha tanjeronsis leaf extract on performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens

2025-01-11T09:38:10+00:00

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the administration of Jatropha tanjeronsis leaf extract on the performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens. A total of one hundred and sixty (Isa Brown) laying hens at six weeks of laying life were used for the research. The laying hens were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental treatments namely T₁ (JTLE 0 ml), T₂ (JTLE 100 ml), T₃ (JTLE 200 ml) and T₄ (JTLE 300 ml) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in which each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds each. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Data collected on all the parameters examined were statistically analyzed. The result showed that the treatment did not have a significant influence (p>0.05) on body weight changes, feed intake, egg weight and feed conversion ratio of the birds. The hen day egg production of the laying hens showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in their values. Laying hens administered 300 ml of J. tanjeronsis leaf extract recorded the highest significant (p<0.05) hen day egg production value followed by 200- and 100-ml groups. All the egg quality characteristics of the laying hens were not significantly affected (p>0.05) by the treatments except the yolk colour. Therefore, it can be concluded that administration of J. tanjeronsis leaf extracts up to 300 ml to laying hens can enhance hen day egg production and increase yolk colour intensity in laying hens.

Toxicity profile and behavioural changes in African catfish Clarias gariepinus following short-term exposure to ivermectin

2025-01-11T09:48:34+00:00

Ivermectin is one of human and veterinary medicine's most widely used antiparasitic drugs. Reports of low tolerance margins have accompanied its use in aquaculture. This study assessed the behavioural changes in African catfish - Clarias gariepinus exposed to ivermectin. Further, acute toxicity, no effect concentration, least effect concentration, and safe level of ivermectin were determined. Mortality was recorded for all the ivermectin concentrations used; this ranged from 13% to 100% for concentrations between 1.6 µgl^-1 and 24.3 µgl^-1 . There were changes in behavioural profiles of the fish especially at higher concentrations of the drug. The LC₅₀ values at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 46.58 (22.45 – 450.81), 38.71 (17.69 – 648.27), 12.38 (8.19 – 24.50) and 6.53 (2.86 – 17.43) µgl^-1 respectively. The 96-hour estimated safe level of ivermectin based on the NAS/NAE method is 6.53 x 10^-1 – 6.53 x 10^-5 . Ivermectin was able to cause 100% mortality in catfish at 24.3 µgl^-1 . The low margin of safety and low toxic unit of 0.07 of the drugs make it unsuitable for use in aquaculture for the control of parasites.

Coats colour characterizations of the Muturu and Bunaji cattle breeds in Ebonyi and Kogi State, Nigeria

2025-01-11T10:00:13+00:00

Coat colour in cattle is a complex trait that is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors. This study was carried out in Ebonyi and Kogi States of Nigeria. Ranched animals were used for the study. A total of one hundred and fifty-two (152) consisting of 76 each of Muturu and Bunaji cattle breeds were used for the study. Data collected from the study were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The frequency and distribution of different coat colours in the cattle breeds indicated that the Bunaji breed has a higher frequency of PWT coat colour (88.20%) than the Muturu breed (0.00%). The frequency of other coat colours such as WSB, SBK and BWP is also different between the two breeds. The frequency of WSB coat colour in the Muturu breed is 5.30%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 9.20%. The frequency of SBK coat colour in the Muturu breed is 63.20%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 0.00%. The frequency of BSW coat colour in the Muturu breed is 7.90%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 1.30%. The frequency of BWP coat colour in the Muturu breed is 0.00%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 1.30%.

Bacterial carriage and consortium development from artisanal refinery contaminated soil for effective degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons

2025-01-11T10:05:52+00:00

The bacterial carriage and consortium development from indigenous bacterial flora in crude oil-contaminated soil from artisanal refineries was studied. Surface soil samples were collected from four different communities in Emohua LGA, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Total culturable heterotrophic bacterial counts (TCHBC) and total culturable hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial counts (TCHUBC) were monitored using the spread plate technique on nutrient medium and Bushnell Haas medium (supplemented with 1% v/v Bonny light crude oil) respectively. Nutrient enrichment process, hydrocarbon degradation screening and biosurfactant production analysis were used to detect bacterial isolates with hydrocarbon-degrading abilities to develop bacterial consortium. The 16S Illumina amplicon metagenomic analysis was used to identify the bacterial community diversity present in the consortium. TCHBC ranged from 2.3 x 10⁵ ± 0.28 CFU/g - 4.7 x 10⁷ ± 0.32 CFU/g, while TCHUBC ranged from 1.92 x 10⁴ ± 1.01 CFU/g - 3.7 x 10⁶ ± 0.04 CFU/g. Members of the phylum Proteobacteria (96.12%) were dominant in the consortium, while members of the phylum Verrucomicrobia (0.02%) had the least dominance. The genera Acinetobacter (19.6%) and Morganella (10.97%) were dominant in the bacterial consortium, while Akkermansia (0.02%) showed the least dominance. This study has demonstrated the successful development of bacterial consortiums using indigenous bacterial communities, which can serve as a bioresource for the recovery of hydrocarboncontaminated soils.

Effects of roasted Senna occidentalis seeds on the haematology, hepatorenal functions and histopathology of albino rats

2025-01-11T10:15:22+00:00

The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicological effects of aqueous extract of roasted Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. The acute toxicity was performed according to Lorke’s method. For the evaluation of the effects of roasted S. occidentalis seeds on the haematology, hepatorenal functions and organ histopathology of albino rats, 24 adult male and female rats were divided into four groups of twelve (six males and six female) rats each respectively as follows: 1 (control group given only water), 2 (0.1.0% S. occidentalis seed powder), 3 (0.5% S. occidentalis seed powder), and 4 (1.0% S. occidentalis seed powder). Changes in body weight and food consumption as well as death were observed. In addition, the haematology, kidney and liver function, as well as the histological features, were evaluated. The results showed that S. occidentalis roasted seed extract did not cause mortality or behaviour alterations in the rats. There were no significant changes in body weight, food consumption, biochemical and haematological parameters as well as tissue histology in the test groups compared to the control rats. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that S. occidentalis roasted seed extract did not cause significant changes in most of the parameters evaluated, suggesting its potential safety for consumption.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of tick infestation of sheep in mixed grazing (sheep and cattle) areas of the Bamboutos Division, West region of Cameroon

2025-01-11T10:20:50+00:00

Several species of ticks represent the health and productivity problems of sheep in Cameroon. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of tick infestation on sheep in mixed grazing sheep and cattle areas of the Bamboutous Division, West region of Cameroon. A longitudinal study was carried out from April 2022 to February 2023 on 504 sheep reared in mixed grazing with cattle. Sheep were selected using standard sampling methods, characterized by gender and age, and inspected for tick collection. All visible ticks were collected on each animal, preserved in 70% ethanol, counted and identified morphologically. In total, 2470 ticks belonged to 14 species and grouped in 4 genera were identified namely: Rhipicephalus (79.51%), Amblyomma (12.75%), Ixodes (7.53%) and Haemaphysalis (0.2%). 05 species were cattle species namely: R. guilhoni, I. pilosus, R. muhsamae, R. lunulatus and R. sinus. The invasive tick R. microplus was found on sheep during the two seasons. Of the 504 animals examined, 306 (60.71%) were infested and the mean tick count was 9.77 ± 1.37. The frequency of some species was significantly different according to altitude. Animals were more infested in the rainy season (71.2%) than in the dry season (28.8%). This assessment showed that many tick species hinder the development of sheep productivity in the mixed grazing area of the Bamboutos Division. Farmers must be made aware of the importance of tick control to reduce or avoid losses due to ticks.

The effects of Vernonia amagdalina on growth and oxidative stress parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) exposed to diclofenac

2025-01-11T10:26:54+00:00

Medicinal plants and plant extracts have been employed by rural fish farmers in fish management. This present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of a medicinal plant, bitter leaf (Vernonia amagdalina) extract on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings contaminated with diclofenac using biometric and oxidative stress indices. The fingerlings were exposed to different concentrations of both bitter leaf extract (BLE) (2 and 6% body weight) and diclofenac (DCF) (0.3 and 0.4 mg/L) after a series of range-finding tests. The length and weight of the experimental fishes were taken weekly from different concentrations and were used to calculate the growth parameter. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatments in mean weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and condition factor when compared to their various control groups. Liver tissues of the experimental fishes were collected on the 14^th and 28^th day, from different concentrations and were assay for oxidative stress. The antioxidants: CAT (30.22 ± 0.148 to 66.50 ± 0.707) and MDA (22.61 ± 0.233 to 66.50 ± 3.536) increased significantly when compared to the control. The results indicated that the given concentration of diclofenac and V. amygdalina cause significant alteration in the oxidative stress of C. gariepinus and may have no adverse effect on the growth of C. gariepinus. However, this study did not show the detoxifying potential of V. amygdalina against the adverse effect of diclofenac in C. gariepinus.

Performance and carcass evaluation of broiler chickens fed graded levels of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) peel meal

2025-01-11T12:10:38+00:00

The ever-increasing price of feed ingredients especially the conventional energy sources is a great challenge to profitable poultry production. This predicament led to the search for unconventional energy sources for broilers’ feed production. A total of eighty-four-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used in this feeding trial in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This encompasses four treatments replicated thrice for six weeks; two weeks of acclimatisation and four weeks of feeding trial. Seven birds were allotted to each of the replicates. Maize was partially replaced by unripe plantain peel meal (UPPM) at graded levels of 0, 5, 10 and 20%. The birds were served feed and water ad libitum. Data on performance, selected internal organs, cost of feed per treatment, carcasses and chicken parts taken were statistically analysed. The performance parameters showed no significant difference (p>0.05), while the cost of the diets reduced in a pattern of diet 1 > diet 2 > diet 3 > diet 4, showing the feed cost price lowering potential of UPPM. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in some of the selected organs and carcass parameters. The dressing percentage differs significantly (p<0.05), but the values from all the groups fall within the acceptable range of 65 to 70% recommended for broilers in the literature. It was concluded that UPPM has the potential to replace 5 to 10% maize in the diets of broiler chickens without any harmful effects.

Shift in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metal concentrations of a crude oil-polluted soil undergoing laboratory-scale bioremediation

2025-01-11T12:18:39+00:00

The shift in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal concentrations during the laboratory-scale bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil from the K-Dere, Ogoni land, Nigeria was studied. Crude oil-polluted soil samples were collected and processed, and bioremediation experimental treatment units were set up to monitor the changes in PAHs and heavy metal concentrations within 40 days using different treatment options. The treatment options consist of four experimental units, which include sample A (polluted soil only), sample B (polluted soil and bacterial consortium), sample C (polluted soil and NPK) and sample D (polluted soil and cow dung). PAHs were analysed using the Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection, while the heavy metals were analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. There was an overall reduction in PAH and heavy metal concentrations after treatment. A PAH loss of 12.30% was recorded in sample A, 60.82% in sample B, 44.75% in sample C and 21.03% in sample D. Sample B, which had the bacterial consortium, experienced the highest PAH reduction, while sample A recorded the lowest PAH reduction. Lead, nickel and chromium concentrations recorded slight decreases of 15.20, 16.50 and 19.40%, respectively. Sample D recorded the highest reduction in zinc concentration of 32.00%, while sample B recorded the highest reduction in copper concentration on day 20. Cadmium, iron and copper concentrations significantly reduced in sample B on day 40. This study has further revealed the need to explore Indigenous bacterial consortium and other bioremediation approaches to recover PAH and heavy metal-impacted ecosystems.

Effects of strain and sex on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens at different ages

2025-01-11T12:22:18+00:00

Blood is a diagnostic tool for assessing an individual's or flock's health status. This study aimed to characterise 2-broiler strains based on haematological and serum indices as influenced by strain and sex at 6 and 8 weeks of age. Arbor-Acre and Cobb-500 chicks (n = 192) were divided into four groups comprising males and females for each strain with three replicates. They were raised for 56 days at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, The Federal University of Technology Akure. Blood samples were collected from a total of 24 birds at two birds per replicate at six and eight weeks of age for laboratory analysis. A 2 x 2 factorial design in a completely randomized arrangement was used to analyze the data collected from the samples. Results showed that the Cobb-500 strain had significantly higher (p<0.05) values for packed cell volume (31.63 ± 0.83%), erythrocyte counts (300.17 ± 7.60x10⁴/mm³) and haemoglobin concentration (10.73 ± 0.19g/100ml) compared to the Arbor-Acre strain. The Arbor-Acre strain however had a significantly higher (p<0.05) erythrocyte sedimentation rate value (3.71 ± 0.18%). The study concluded that the differences in haematological and serum biochemical parameters among broiler strains and sexes at six and eight weeks were attributed to genetic factors. These factors underscore their importance when developing health improvement programmes in poultry birds at specific ages. The result of this study could be used by breeders to generate baseline data for health and welfare improvement programmes in poultry birds.

Effect of varied supplemental acetylsalicylic acid and dietary salt inclusion on weekly semen quality and leukogram parameters of broiler breeder cocks rare under heat stress

2025-01-11T12:29:08+00:00

This study investigated the optimum combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and salt (NaCl) in the Marshall Breeder cock that will synergistically improve weekly sperm cell and leukograms of this cocks. Sixteen broiler breeder cocks were used to determine the leukogram and weekly semen quality. Four diets were formulated and compared as: T₁ (0.25% NaCl and 0.00% ASA), T₂ (0.50% NaCl and 0.025% ASA), T₃ (0.75% NaCl and 0.050% ASA), and T₄ (1.00% NaCl and 0.075% ASA). The cocks were randomly distributed into four treatment diets with four replicates in each treatment and fed for sixteen weeks. Semen collection, through the abdominal massage method, commenced at the 30^th – 35^th week of age and was carried out once weekly between 6.00 and 8.00 hours. Diet T₃ showed a significant increase (p˂0.05) in total ejaculate volume from 30 to 35 weeks of age with a peak at 33 weeks of age (0.6 ml), highest in sperm motility between the ranges of 98 – 100%, lowest in abnormal sperm cells (12 – 17%) and dead sperm cells (20 – 23%) when compared to other treatment diets. The leukogram showed that the heterophil and lymphocyte were significantly higher in diet T₃ (71.50 ± 1.36%) and lower in control diet T₁ (0.01 ± 0.01%), respectively. In conclusion, 0.750% NaCl worked synergistically with 0.050% ASA to improve the ejaculate characteristics of this breeder cocks from 30 to 35 weeks of age and could be used to optimise the concentration of heterophil and lymphocytes in the blood of breeder cocks.

Assessment of three physical properties of effluents from selected food processing centres and their effect on receiving water bodies in Abakaliki, Ebonyi state, Nigeria

2025-01-11T12:35:59+00:00

The study assessed three physical properties of effluents from selected food processing centres and their effects on receiving water bodies in Abakaliki, Ebonyi state. Three replicates of both effluent and water samples from effluent-receiving water bodies were collected in 2023 and 2024 from Native Delicacy, Crunches, Chicken Republic and Kilimanjaro. The samples collected were taken to the Soil and Environmental Management Laboratory of Ebonyi State University for analyses of temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS). Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and mean separated using F-SLD (p<0.05). The results revealed that the effluent temperatures for all the study centres in the dry season ranged from 28.0 – 29.5^oC and were higher than that of wet season values. The receiving water bodies’ temperatures were lower than the effluent temperatures but higher than WHO standards in all the study centres. The TDS and TSS of effluent studied showed a significant difference in all the food processing centres and were higher in the dry season compared to the wet season in the receiving water bodies. The TDS value ranged from 46.80 – 55.60 mg/L in the dry season and 31.00 – 50.20 mg/L in the wet season though the values were higher than that of control and were within WHO standards. The study showed that the receiving water bodies were poor in quality and there is a need to treat them before use. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on industrial pollution in Abakaliki.

Influence of man-made features and forest stratum on the abundance of Iringa red colobus monkey (Piliocolobus gordonorum) in the Magombera forest, Tanzania

2025-01-11T12:40:24+00:00

Magombera forest has a rich fauna of Iringa colobus monkey (IRCM) (Piliocolobus gordonorum) that is facing high anthropogenic pressure. This study, aimed at assessing the influence of distance from railways, farms, and settlements as man-made features and the stratum status of the forest on the abundance of IRCM. The abundance was observed to insignificantly decline (p>0.05) as you move closer to the man-made features. Open canopy and tree cutting showed an insignificant likelihood of decreasing the abundance of IRCM. Anthropogenic factors are essential when considering the sustainable conservation of IRCM in the Magombera forest. Awareness of the local communities surrounding the forest should be emphasized. Another, best way to reduce the pressure to the forest which is the habitat for IRCM, would be to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods such as beekeeping, and tourism ventures which will reduce their unsustainable dependence on the forest and thus act as support strategies for the IRCM conservation.

Detection of staphylococci in street-vended ready-to-eat meat in Nsukka and its environs

2025-01-11T12:48:06+00:00

Ready-to-eat (RTE) street-vended meat in Nsukka and its environs were investigated for the presence of staphylococci. The samples were pre-enriched in peptone water for 24 hours at 37^oC and subsequently streaked on mannitol salt agar plates and incubated at 37^oC for 24 hours. The staphylococcal isolates were identified to species level by sequencing of sodA and 16S rDNA genes. Genes coding for TSST-1 (tst), ETA (eta), ETB (etb), and ETD (etd) were investigated by PCR. Phenotypic determination of resistance to 17 antimicrobial agents was carried out using the disc diffusion method, while genes coding for resistance to methicillin (mecA), aminoglycosides (aph(2)-aac(6), ant(4), aph(3)-III), erythromycin (ermA, ermB, ermC, ermT, mphC, msrA, and msrB) and tetracycline (tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), and tet(L) were determined by PCR amplification using their specific primers. Twenty-eight (11.0%) of the R-T-E meat samples contained staphylococci. Twenty-four of the Staphylococcus strains were identified to species level and they belonged to 6 species, namely S. scuiri (54.1%), S. lentus (16.6%), S. saprophyticus (12.5%), S. carnosus (8.4%), S. piscifermentans (4.2%) and S. epidermidis (4.2%). Four (16.7%) of the Staphylococcus species harboured the eta gene. Resistance genes detected in the Staphylococcus species were: mecA (25%), tetK (25%), mphC (12.5%), ermT (8.3%), and ermC (4.2%).

Growth, serum indices, fatty acids, and meat quality of broiler chickens subjected to late feed restriction

2025-01-11T12:58:50+00:00

This study assessed how quantitative feed restriction in the finisher phase affected broiler chickens’ performance, serum metabolites, carcass, fatty acids, meat quality, and oxidative status. Two hundred (200) 21-day-old ad libitum fed Arbor Acres broilers were divided into two groups at random and fed ad libitum (AL-100) or 80% ad libitum (AL-80) for 21 days before slaughter. The qualities of the breast meat were observed during a 5-day postmortem chill storage period. Compared to the AL-80 birds, the AL-100 birds exhibited significantly heavier (p<0.05) slaughter and carcass weights as well as abdominal fat. The AL-80 birds had significantly higher (p<0.05) serum glucose levels. AL-80 birds had significantly decreased (p<0.05) serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides and total cholesterol compared to AL-100 birds. In comparison to AL-100 meat, the concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid [C18:3n-3] and eicosapentaenoic acid [C20:5n-3] were more in AL-80 meat. AL-100 meat had significantly higher (p<0.05) levels of Linoleic acid [C18:2n-6] and total fatty acids than AL-80 meat. On the 3 rd and 5 th days postmortem, AL-80 meat had significantly reduced (p<0.05) carbonyl content, drip loss, and malondialdehyde levels than AL-100 meat. In Arbor Acres broilers, a 20% feed restriction improved the amount of omega-3 fatty acids in the breast muscle and decreased the accumulation of abdominal fat and oxidative degradation.

Haemoproteus species infection and blister disease in a captive royal python (Python regius): A case report

2025-01-11T13:02:25+00:00

This case report describes a royal python (Python regius) housed in a Zoological Garden that was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Ibadan, Nigeria with extensive skin ulcers, anorexia, and subsequent diagnosis of blister disease and severe anaemia. The python's condition deteriorated. Necropsy revealed haemorrhage bleeding, anaemia, healing skin ulcers, and Haemoproteus species infection.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection associated with pneumonia in a drill monkey in the Zoological Garden, University of Ibadan: A case report

2025-01-11T13:12:32+00:00

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important bacterium has been implicated in life-threatening conditions in animals. P. aeruginosa was indicated in transient and persistent lung infections in immunocompromised animals. Pseudomonas species are frequently associated with wildlife infections but are often not reported. In this study, a female drill monkey died 14 days after showing clinical signs of anorexia and nasal discharge. Vitamins B-complex and C were administered intramuscularly before her death. Postmortem examination and bacteriological analysis of necropsy samples indicated severe pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa. The gums showed cyanosis of gums and oral mucous membrane. The cranial and middle lobes of the right lungs were consolidated. Enlargement and yellowish diffusion of the liver were observed. Multifocal petechial haemorrhages on small and large intestinal mucosa were observed. The histopathology revealed diffuse thickening of the interstitium due to hypercellular septae, congested capillaries, proteinaceous fluid and inflammatory cells. Alveolar cells were also hypertrophic with hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and fluid exudation. This study showed the importance of surveillance for the incidence of pathogenic bacteria and virulence traits in captive animals.

Effects of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa on the liver function of albino rats infected by Trypanosoma brucei brucei

2025-01-11T13:22:47+00:00

The study determined the effect of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa on the liver function of albino rats infected by Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Acclimated five to six-weekold male rats were divided into five groups (A – E), each with three replicates. Group A; positive control (uninfected and untreated), Group B; negative control (infected and untreated), Group C (treated with 10 g of ginger meal mixed with 1 kg of chick mash), Group D (treated with 10 g of turmeric meal mixed with 1 kg of chick mash) and Group E (treated with 5 g each of ginger and turmeric in 1 kg of chick mash). The liver function tests were assayed using standard protocols and statistically analysed data. Results showed that AST showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the groups. ALT was normal in Group D, followed by Group B, then Groups C and E. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between Groups B, C and D. The ALP result showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between Groups A, C and D. Still, it was significantly different for Groups B and E. At the levels administered, ginger and turmeric supplements had minimal to zero ameliorative hepatoprotective effects in Trypanosoma-infected rats. Based on these results, there is a need for further research; on higher dosages of ginger and turmeric supplements, and the use of other medicinal herbs that may ameliorate physiological stress caused by Trypanosoma infection in the liver cells of rats.

Sarcoptic mange mite infestation in a West African Dwarf goat: A case report

2025-01-11T13:41:32+00:00

This case report describes a Sarcoptic mange infestation in a West African Dwarf goat with severe pruritus, alopecia, and crusting. Skin scraping and microscopic identification of Sarcoptes scabies mites confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment included ivermectin administration and supportive care. The goat showed marked clinical improvement within two weeks of treatment, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment protocols in managing mange infestations in small ruminants.

The influence of synthetic and natural antioxidants on the performance of heat-stressed rabbits does reproductive function in a tropical climate

2025-01-11T13:48:44+00:00

A total of thirty-six matured rabbit Does were used to study the impact of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the ability of heat-stressed rabbits to reproduce in a tropical climate. Using a completely randomized design, the rabbits were divided into four treatment groups, each consisting of 9 rabbits (6 Does and 3 bucks): (T1) control diet; (T2) diet supplemented with sodium bicarbonate; (T3) diet containing synthetic Vitamin C; and (T4) diet supplemented with Baobab fruit pulp meal (BFPM), as a natural antioxidant. The Does were served feed and water ad libitum. Five ml of blood samples were collected from the ear veins of rabbits chosen randomly from each treatment of rabbit treatments, respectively, before, during, and after pregnancy, for the evaluation of thyroxine hormone concentrations and serum metabolite. The rabbits’ ability to reproduce was also evaluated. Thyroxine secretion and serum glucose increased significantly(p<0.05) after kindling. The vitamin antioxidants improved the reproductive performance of the Does (p<0.05). The rectal temperature significantly (p<0.05) decreased while the serum metabolites of the kits increased in the BFPM treatments. Supplementing with BFPM, a naturally occurring antioxidant can help reduce stress by heat in reproductive Does. BFPM might be a part of a reproductive diet in the tropics for efficient reproduction.

Behavioural attitudes associated with captive African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus) in Ibadan, Nigeria

2025-01-11T13:53:41+00:00

African giant rats are recognized as one of the important small mammal species in Nigeria. They are highly priced and as an essential food item that is consumed as bush meat and a cheaper alternative protein source for the common man, especially in rural settings. As delicious as this particular species is there are some associated taboos with this animal because of their strange behaviour. This study therefore evaluates some behavioral attitudes associated with captive African giant rats. Thirty-six adult African giant rats (18 males and 18 females) were captured from the wild and their behaviour was studied for 8 – 10 weeks. They were monitored for feeding, sleeping, cannibalism, and reproductive behaviour. Feeding behaviour indicated that the animals manifested postures such as sitting on their haunches, standing on their legs, gnawing and acting coprophagy while eating. Sleeping attitudes revealed behaviour such as; assuming the shape of the letter O, maintaining a curve-shaped position, and lying on their back while sleeping. Commonly cannibalism behaviour observed includes; adult male-female cannibalism, mother-pup’s cannibalism, and hunger-induced cannibalism. The animals also showed some peculiar reproductive behavior; these include; courtship, mating, and nursing attitudes. The study has been able to elucidate the behavioural characteristics of African giant rats and concludes that some behaviours and attitudes of captive African giant rats were strange and unique indeed. The study recommends that these characteristics should be factored into any plan for the domestication of African giant rats, and further studies to evaluate reasons for some of these behaviours.

Nutrient intake and growth response of pregnant West African Dwarf goats fed diets containing wheat offal replaced with Tiger nut

2025-01-11T13:59:05+00:00

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance of pregnant West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed diets containing wheat offal replaced with Tiger nut at 0% (T1), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), 15% (T4) and 20% (T5). Twenty(20) WAD does of 8.54 – 8.90 kg were allotted to the five dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with four individually housed animals representing a treatment and each serving as a replicate. Animals were fed a concentrate diet at 3.5% of their body weight. Oestrus was synchronized in the does using 1 mL/10kg of Prostaglandin-Fα intramuscularly. Animals were mated with a proven buck. The does were weighed at mating and fortnightly before parturition. Parameters assessed were; nutrient intake, does weight at mating, before parturition and weight gained during pregnancy. The highest dry matter intake (DMI) (347.28 ± 2.37 g/day) was recorded for animals on diet B, weight gained was significantly higher (p<0.05) in does fed Tiger -based diets. The best feed conversion ratio (7.14 ± 0.39) was recorded in animals fed diet T5. Animals on Tiger nut-based diets gained more weight than those on diet T1 (control) due to the higher feed efficiency of these diets. It can therefore be concluded that 15% inclusion of Tiger nut can be used to replace wheat offal supplying both protein and energy in the diet of pregnant animals.

Toxicity study of deseeded oil palm fruit head (DOPFH) fraction B in albino mice

2025-01-11T14:12:02+00:00

Deseeded oil palm fruit head (DOPFH) is commonly used to prepare food delicacies native to the Southeast part of Nigeria. Three fractions: DOPFH-A, B and C were derived from the filtrate of DFOP ash by fractional crystallization. DOPFH-B is an alkaline substance with a pH of 10.9. To determine the lethal dose (LD₅₀) of DOPFH-B in mice, Lorke’s method was compared with the up-and-down procedure (UDP). The tests were carried out in male and female mice which involved subcutaneous and oral administration. In Lorke’s method, female and male mice were divided into three groups (n = 3) for subcutaneous and oral administration. Varying doses; 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg were given. In the second phase, two groups (n = 3), were administered 2000 and 5000 mg/kg subcutaneously and orally. For UDP, 5000 mg/kg was administered subcutaneously (SC) to each male and female mouse in the limit test. In the main test, 7 and 12 male mice; 7 and 8 female mice were treated subcutaneously and orally with UDP doses of 550, 1750, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. Using Lorke’s method, LD₅₀ of 3250 mg/kg was obtained for both female and male mice by both routes. UDP estimated LD₅₀ of 2100 mg/kg for females and LD₅0 is greater than 2100 mg/kg for male mice administered subcutaneously. LD₅₀ for the orally administered female and male mice was given 5000 mg/kg. UDP and Lorke’s method did not highlight differential sensitivities of male and female mice to DOPFH-B.