Systematic review of anthrax, a zoonotic bacterial infection in Africa

Abstract

On the 13th of June 2023, the Federal government of Nigeria announced the outbreak of anthrax disease in some neighbouring countries within the West African sub-region. It was specifically stated that the disease caused by a bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis has begun to be widespread specifically in northern Ghana, bordering Burkina Faso and Togo and has resulted into loss of lives. Border States in Nigeria such as Sokoto, Kebbi, Niger, Kwara, Oyo, Ogun and Lagos states because of their proximity to Burkina Faso, Togo and Ghana are at higher risk and could affect other parts of the country. Anthrax caused by B. anthracis is a zoonotic disease that affects both human and animals. The spores are naturally found in the soil and commonly affect domestic and wild animals but it can spread to human when they come in contact with affected animals or through contaminated animal products. Although, anthrax is not a contagious disease and so, one cannot get it by coming in close contact with an infected person but it could be dangerous when contacted. Signs and symptoms of anthrax include cough, fever, muscle aches and if not diagnosed and treated early, leads to pneumonia, severe lung problems, difficulty in breathing, shock and death. A quick intervention as well as appropriate information and knowledge about this zoonosis is very important. Anthrax remains a global public health concern, especially in resource-limited, rural agricultural areas, including Africa.