Sanitation Patterns in Urban Districts of Metropolitan Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Abstract

This paper examined sanitation patterns in Urban Districts of Metropolitan Kaduna, Nigeria. Literature and reports (published and unpublished) on Sanitation were reviewed to conceptualise the study. 1,814 houses were drawn as the sample size ‘n’ guided by Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) table, but 1,716 residences were accessed. Systematic sampling technique was used to select occupied houses at 8th intervals on streets of Doka (core), Kawo (North), Sabon Tasha (south), Unguwan Rimi (East), Unguwan Mua’zu/ Kabala West (West) urban districts of metropolitan Kaduna. A paper checklist instrument was used to record observations on sanitation conditions. IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 software was used to conduct Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test normal distribution test of data sets; Brown Forsyte (BF-ANOVA) test seven (7) variables on sanitation practices at pvalue .05, Games-Howell post Hoc test expressed in means plots and Grand mean (GM) points. The study revealed, there are statistically significant variations at p < .05 on building type and design, roof presence, anal cleansing material, sociocultural acceptance of toilet type, toilet link to containment, and containment distance from groundwater sources in the high and medium/low-density areas of Kaduna Urban districts. The socio-economic status of Landlords, affordability, socio-cultural acceptance, and presence of sewage governance influence the differences. High-density areas have inappropriate sanitation practices and are prone to its consequential effects. The study recommends that the Kaduna State Government commissions a Committee to organize campaigns to abate and curb inappropriate sanitation practices, especially in the high-density areas of Kaduna urban districts.