Learning from the grassroots: The case for the consideration of community-based agrarian and food security reforms in South Africa

Abstract

Studies of projected agro-climatic variability on the productivity of smallholding farming livelihoods have been evaluated by indirect methods using  simulation models on country or regional basis but few have been done at the community level. This study explores direct observation of the impact of  soil and climate factors on crop and livestock livelihood systems in the three major agro-ecological zones of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It  also analyzed their influence on small farmers’ choices of agrarian livelihood activities and the lessons learned for the suitability of agro-ecologically  integrated agriculture as part of agrarian and food security reforms needed among small farming households in rural communities of South Africa. The impact of soil and rainfall on the crop and livestock livelihood choices of smallholders in the three major agro-ecological zones were explored. A cross- sectional survey was carried out among 223 smallholding farming households during the harvesting period of rain-fed farming season. Data on  household livelihood activities were processed in monetary terms and subjected to gross margin and cost/benefit analysis. Geographic information  system (GIS) mapping and statistical analysis were used to determine the association of smallholder maize revenue with agro-climatic variation. The  results indicated that crop-based activities performed better in the Grassland zone, while livestock activities performed better in the Savanna zone. Small  farms in the Karoo can only productively engage in livestock production. The results also showed that farming activities that combined more vegetable  crops yielded greater profits than other field crops. Furthermore, the results indicate that the mixed cropping method remains one of the strategies for   breaking-even and risk-bearing effort used by the smallholder farmers considering its cost-sharing benefits. Geographical information system (GIS)  mapping further indicates that smallholders’ farming activity was not only affected by soilclimatic factors but by their management skills as well. We  recommend agroecologically adapted policies and incentives for agriculture-based livelihood activities and intensified mixing of cropping systems among  the smallholder farming households in the study area.