Determination of selected heavy metals in inland fresh water of lower River Niger drainage in North Central Nigeria

Abstract

The concentrations of some ferruginous ore associated heavy metals were determined in freshwater from River Niger. Water samples were collected from both upstream and downstream along the mainstream drainage channel, traversing past the steel production industry Ajaokuta between 2003 and 2005. The water samples were digested according to standard methods and tested for Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Cupper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) using Unicam 969
atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations (mg/L) of heavy metals were: Mn, 3.85 ± 0.93; Zn, 2.72 ± 0.57; Cu, 2.17 ± 0.73; Cr, 2.08 ± 1.27; Ni, 0.78 ± 0.12; Cd, 0.05 ± 0.02; Pb, 0.03 ± 0.02. The
concentration of Mn, 1.74 to 8.37 mg/L; Cu, 0.58 to 4.50 mg/L; Cd, 0.02 to 0.13 mg/L were variable and inundating. The variations in heavy metal levels between sampling stations were not significant (P >0.05) with relative standard deviation from 2% for Cd and Pb to 12.7% for Cr. The order of dispersion (2 to 14%) showed that the measured metals are nearly homogenously distributed in the water with Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn having the highest concentration variations in the water samples. The concentrations of the evaluated heavy metals were within the guideline levels for freshwaters, and did not appear to have significant negative impact on the water quality.

Key words: Heavy metals, freshwater, concentrations, quality, variation, distribution.