African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology

Mpox: Changing epidemiology, evolving epidemic, new vaccine production, and way out in a resource-limited economy

2024-12-29T19:28:57+00:00

Mpox was declared public health emergency of continental security and public health emergency of international concern by the Africa CDC and the WHO in 2024 due to devastating global outbreak caused by newly emerged Mpox virus clades. The divergent virulent new clades are genetically and phylogenetically different from the previous ones that were endemic in Democratic Republic of the Congo, spreading to neighboring countries and other parts of the globe, with considerable morbidity and mortality. The emerged new circulating clades responsible for current epidemics are associated with changing epidemiology and new disease outcomes. Sexual transmission plays a key role in sustaining transmission, spread beyond Africa and affected mainly the sexually active young adults. To curb the menace of these epidemics, there is need to develop a polyvalent vaccine incorporating the various circulating clades. Mass vaccination with the proposed vaccine will achieve herd immunity in addition to effective infection prevention and control strategies.

A case report of macrophage activation syndrome of infectious origin in the clinical haematology department of the Ignace Deen University Hospital, Conakry, Guinea

2024-12-30T09:40:44+00:00

Background: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a rare but often fatal condition. It is linked to inappropriate stimulation of macrophages leading to abnormal phagocytosis of the formed elements of the blood and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study is to report a case of MAS of infective origin, and call the attention of medical practitioners to this potential life-threatening condition.
Case presentation: This was a 45-year-old male patient, admitted on account of febrile pancytopenia (anaemia, leukopaenia and thrombocytopaenia) of chronic course. No particularly significant past medical history of the patient. Clinical and paraclinical examinations showed that the MAS was due to tuberculosis Conclusion: MAS is a life-threatening condition often associated with infections such as tuberculosis as described in this case.

A one-year genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in patients from two sites in Burkina Faso

2024-12-29T20:02:27+00:00

Background: Despite the availability of vaccines against SARS‑CoV‑2, mortality due to COVID-19 continues to increase, with nearly 7 million deaths reported globally. Continued analysis of the evolution and genomic diversity can provide necessary information to timely inform public health responses. We report the dynamics of SARS‑CoV‑2 lineages in Burkina Faso between August 2021 and September 2022.
Methodology: A total of 188 patients, whose nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR at the National Influenza Reference Laboratory (NIRL) of the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) in Burkina Faso, were sequenced, and the whole genomes of the virus annotated and screened for mutations using the ARTIC protocol and Oxford Nanopore Technology. Subsequently, different SARS-CoV-2 lineages were assigned using NextClade. The socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants were collected. Descriptive statistics on the data were conducted using R software version 4.3.2. Comparisons were made using the Chi-square test for qualitative variables, and statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Results: Majority of the 188 COVID-19 positive cases lived in urban areas (85.1%), travelling from high-risk transmission zones. Of 134 SARS-CoV-2 genomes successfully sequenced and submitted to the NextClade database, the Delta (50.7%, n=68) and Omicron (42.5%, n=57) variants were predominant. The most frequent lineages detected were B.1.617.2 (20.1%, n=27), BA.1.13 (17.2%, n=23), and AY.133 (14.2%, n=19). Temporal trend showed that the pandemic was driven by the Delta variant which was progressively replaced by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Conclusion: Although heterogeneity was seemingly not important during the study period, the Delta variant which was the most predominant variant in the country, was progressively replaced by the Omicron variant. Continuous genomic surveillance might be necessary to timely detect the virulent variants.

Frequency and pattern of utilization of clinical microbiological laboratory services in oral and maxillofacial surgery in a Nigerian tertiary hospital

2024-12-29T20:23:48+00:00

Background: Oral and maxillofacial infections can be fatal if the services of clinical microbiological laboratory (CML) are underutilized. To the best of our knowledge, it appears that the utilization of CML services have not been properly documented in literature. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and pattern of utilization of CML services in oral and maxillofacial surgery patients in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.
Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in the department of clinical microbiology of University of Benin Teaching Hospital from January 2019 to December 2023. Data were obtained from the laboratory register and case notes of patients. Patients with incomplete data were excluded from the study. Data collected include age, gender, type of specimens, microbiological tests and services, Gram stain morphology, microbial culture growth and antimicrobial susceptibility test results. The unit of analysis was patients rather than specimens. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, and p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Of the total 7,345 patients seen during the study period, specimens of 79 patients were sent to CML for analysis, given a laboratory utilization rate of 1.08%. The age range of the 79 patients was 11-101 years with a mean age of 46.1±17.6 years. More than two-third (75.9%) of the patients were younger than 60 years, and just a little more than half (57.0%) were females. Bacteriology services was the most rendered service to the oral and maxillofacial patients. Male and female equally utilize the services. Also, both young and elderly patients equally utilize the services.
Conclusion: The rate of utilization of CML services in OMF surgery is relatively low. The most utilized service was bacteriology. Age and gender were not significantly associated with utilization of CML services by oral and maxillofacial patients.

Food safety knowledge and hygiene practices among food handlers in Nnewi metropolis, southeast Nigeria

2024-12-29T20:34:23+00:00

Background: Food-borne illnesses are a major cause of morbidity and death worldwide, and food safety and hygiene play a critical role in maintaining and improving consumer health. One significant factor in the prevalence of food-related illnesses associated with unclean food is the way food vendors handle their inventory. As a result, this study evaluated the level of food handlers' adherence to cleanliness and safety standards, as well as the variables affecting them in the city of Nnewi. This study evaluated degree of safety and hygiene practices, as well as the factors influencing them, among food handlers in the Nnewi metropolis.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 428 consenting food handlers was carried out in Nnewi metropolis utilizing quantitative data gathering methodologies and non-probability method of sampling. A well-structured and pre-tested questionnaire was interviewer-administered to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, food safety and hygiene practices, knowledge of food safety, and observational checklists that covered cleaning, sanitation and personal hygiene. Evaluation of safety and hygiene practices was done using a four-point scale of responses from participants, with scores equal and above the 50th percentile classified as good practices, while scores less than the 50th percentile as poor practices Data were analyzed using Minitab version 21.2 and SPSS version 27.0. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The mean age of the 428 food handlers who responded, was 33.89±10.29 years, with female preponderance (83.4%, n=357). A total of 217 (50.7%) respondents were adjudged to be of good practices of food safety while 211 (49.3%) were of bad practices. Statistical analysis showed that food safety and cleanliness habits were significantly associated with age, marital status, and gender (p<0.05). The presence of running water and the type of vending establishment (branded and unbranded) were also significantly associated with food safety practices while factors such as education level of respondents, prior training in food safety, knowledge of food safety policy in Nigeria, and duration of employment as food handlers, were not significantly associated with food safety practices (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The data indicate that certain demographic factors significantly impact food safety practices, pointing to potential areas for intervention, such as enhancing training and monitoring, particularly among younger, married, and less-educated food handlers, and ensuring the presence of running water in the vending premises. Food safety and cleanliness standards need to be raised because maintaining and enhancing health depends on food's wholesomeness and maximum safety.

Prevalence and pattern of carriage of Enterobacterales isolates among food handlers in Nnewi metropolis, southeast Nigeria

2024-12-29T20:44:50+00:00

Background: There is a public health concern about carriage of Enterobacterales among food workers and their potential role for transmission of food-borne illnesses. Food contamination by Enterobacterales could happen at any point of the production, processing, distribution, and preparation processes. This challenge is especially severe in developing countries like Nigeria. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of carriage of Enterobacterales by food handlers in Nnewi metropolis, southeast Nigeria.
Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study that employed a non-probability sampling technique to recruit 178 food handlers who gave their consent and were available at the sampling area during the time of the study. Stool, urine, nasal and hand swab samples were collected from 115, 116, 120 and 173 food handlers respectively for microbiological analysis using conventional culture isolation and biochemical identification by Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E (bioMérieux). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was carried out on the identified isolates by the disk diffusion method. Descriptive statistics were carried out on the data.
Results: Forty-four (25.4%) of the hand swab samples from 173 food handlers, 39 (32.5%) of the nasal swabs from 120 food handlers, 67 (58.3%) of the stool samples from 115 food handlers, and 29 (25.0%) of the urine samples from 116 food handlers, were positive for Enterobacterales isolates. The frequency of Enterobacterales isolation was significantly higher from stool samples compared to other samples (x²=40.032; p<0.0001), indicating a higher carriage rate in the gastrointestinal tracts of the food handlers. Across all the samples, a total of 179 Enterobacterales were isolated from the 101 (56.7%) positive food handlers. The frequency of isolation in descending order is Escherichia coli 23.2% (n=41), Klebsiella spp 18.1% (n=32), Enterobacter spp 15.3% (n=27), Citrobacter spp 10.7% (n=19), Raoultella spp 7.3% (n=13), Serratia spp 5.6% (n=10), Salmonella spp 3.9% (n=7), Kluyvera spp 3.9% (n=7), Shigella spp 2.8% (n=5), Proteus spp 2.8% (n=5), Cronobacter spp 1.7% (n=3), Erwinia spp 1.1% (n=2), Pantoea spp 1.1% (n=2), Hafnia spp 1.1% (n=2), and Yersinia spp 1.1% (n=2). The Enterobacterales isolates were resistant to cefotaxime (83.0%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (79.1%), cefuroxime (76.8%), cefixime (75.1%), imipenem-cilastatin (74.6%), ceftazidime-avibactam (73.3%), ceftriaxone-sulbactam (71.2%) and levofloxacin (70.5%).
Conclusion: Food handlers in this study had a high carriage rate of resistant Enterobacterales pathogens, which can be transmitted to unsuspecting consumers, through the food processing and handling chains.

Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from abattoir and aquaculture environment in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, southeast Nigeria

2024-12-29T20:57:33+00:00

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently identified as the predominant bacterial pathogen in abattoir and aquaculture settings. In Ebonyi State, Nigeria there has been a lack of thorough investigation on the impact of the organism in the environment on public health. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate the occurrence of P. aeruginosa and determine its resistance characteristics to antimicrobial agents in selected abattoirs and aquaculture facilities in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, southeast Nigeria.
Methodology: Wastewater samples from randomly selected abattoirs (n=25) and aquaculture (n=25) sites in various locations in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, were collected into sterile universal bottles and transported to the microbiology laboratory of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, for microbiological analysis. For heterotrophic colony count, measured in colony forming unit/ml (CFU/ml), to estimate the microbial load of the samples, a 1- in-10 dilution of the samples were prepared and cultured on nutrient agar, incubated at 37^oC for 24 hours. Colonies from the culture plate were then sub-cultured on Pseudomonas agar and incubated aerobically at 37^oC for 24 hours. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was phenotypically confirmed on the culture plate by conventional morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the P. aeruginosa isolates was performed by the disk diffusion test and results interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated for each isolate.
Results: The microbial load varied from 3.0±2.8 to 33.4±23.5 x 10⁵ CFU/ml for abattoir samples and 0.00 to 26.0±2.8 x 10⁵ CFU/ml for aquaculture samples. For the abattoir, wastewater samples from the butcher table had the highest frequency of P. aeruginosa (50.0%) isolation, followed by wastewater from the drainage (26.7%), while the lowest frequency was wash water (23.3%). For the aquaculture, wastewater from earth pond had a higher frequency (63.6%) of P. aeruginosa isolation than concrete pond (36.4%). The antibiotic susceptibility result showed that P. aeruginosa exhibited high resistance rate to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (80.0%) and cefotaxime (80.0%). Additionally, the bacteria showed resistance rate of 50.0% to tobramycin. On the other hand, the isolates demonstrated high sensitivity rates of 90.0% to imipenem and cefepime, while sensitivity rates of 60.0% were observed for meropenem and ceftazidime. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ranged from 0.2 to 0.7, with a mean MARI of 0.6.
Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of close monitoring of abattoir and aquaculture settings, as they may serve as major sources for the environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria such as P. aeruginosa.

Honey-induced expression of glutathione-encoding genes (gshA and gshB) in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates may reduce the antibacterial potency of honey

2024-12-30T08:25:50+00:00

Background: It has been reported in Nigeria that honey has low antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is the major contributor to the antimicrobial activity of honey. This research sought to determine whether stress protective glutathione biosynthesis genes (gshA and gshB) present in pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with its anti-honey resistant nature.
Methodology: The susceptibility of 5 P. aeruginosa clinical strains obtained from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital Ogbomoso, Nigeria to antibiotics and honey were assessed using disc and agar well diffusion techniques. Detection and expression of P. aeruginosa gshA and gshB genes in the presence of varying dilutions of sweet and bitter Nigerian honey (100%-undiluted, 50%, 25%) and untreated controls, were done using conventional and real-time qPCR, with 16S rRNA gene used as internal control and reference gene to normalize the cDNA samples.
Results: The gshA and gshB genes were detected and expressed in 3 of the 5 selected isolates of P. aeruginosa in the controls (untreated), and in 50% and 25% honey dilutions where they showed down regulation, but in the 100%, the genes were not expressed.
Conclusion: The presence and expression of the glutathione producing genes (gshA and gshB) in P. aeruginosa may reduce the potency of honey as an antibacterial agent by interfering with antibacterial action of H₂O₂ component of honey. Further studies are needed to confirm these genes as hinderances against the successful treatment of bacterial infections caused by P. aeruginosa using honey.

Bacterial predatory potentials of indigenous Bdellovibrio species in southwest Nigeria: Targeting multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter species isolated from chronic wound infections

2024-12-30T08:44:19+00:00

Background: Chronic wound infections could become life-threatening conditions when caused by multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp) pathogens. Alternative therapeutic approaches are vital for the therapy of infections caused by these pathogens and one of the biocontrol therapies is the application of Bdellovibrio spp, a Gram-negative bacterium with predatory potential against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.
Methodology: This study isolated, and phenotypically and genotypically characterized Bdellovibrio spp from environmental sources including soil, pond waters, and faecal materials from cattle and poultry in Osogbo, southwest Nigeria using double-layered agar plating technique, with Klebsiella spp as prey. The prey range and predatory potentials of the isolated Bdellovibrio spp against 25 clinical bacterial isolates including 6 K. pneumoniae and 19 Enterobacter spp, recovered from chronic wound infections, was assessed using the same double-layered agar technique.
Results: Five strains of Bdellovibrio isolated formed characteristic plaques on lawns of Klebsiella spp used as prey. At the molecular level, all the five strains, designated UAB, STU, PW2, PW5, and PW6, belonged to the genus Bdellovibrio, however, they exhibited different clustering patterns on the phylogenetic tree. Additionally, the prey range of the five Bdellovibrio strains on the bacterial isolates varied, with UAB, PW6, PW5, and PW2 preying upon 12 (48.0%), 12 (48.0%), 7 (28.0%), and 1 (4.0%) bacterial isolate respectively, while STU did not prey on any of the bacteria isolates.
Conclusion: This research presents the first molecular characterization of Bdellovibrio spp in Nigeria, hence serving as a baseline study for future Bdellovibrio research in Nigeria. It also highlights the promising potential of Bdellovibrio spp in control of K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp associated with chronic wound infections.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Napoleona imperialis leaf extracts against multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates from diabetic foot ulcer

2024-12-30T09:01:41+00:00

Background: The increased resistance of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly those that produce extended beta-lactamase, are limiting the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs in treating infected diabetic foot ulcers. This study evaluates antimicrobial activities of Napoleona imperialis leaf extracts on bacterial isolates of diabetic foot ulcers as a way of developing novel antimicrobials that will be effective in treating infections caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates. Methodology: Fresh leaves of N. imperialis were collected and identified by a plant taxonomist at the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. The leaves were washed and air- dried under shade and pulverized into fine powder using local milling machine. The pulverized plant was extracted using methanol, hexane, ethyl-acetate, and water. The test organisms used were MDR bacteria isolated from fresh clinical samples collected from patients with diabetic ulcer. The samples were processed using conventional cultures, biochemical identification and molecular detection by PCR methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the disc diffusion technique. The phytochemical compositions of the extract were assessed using standard methods. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was performed at a concentration of 400mg/ml of the extracts using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC) of the extracts were determined using serial (doubling) dilution technique. The time-kill assay of the plant extract was also evaluated. Results: The MDR isolates recovered from the diabetic ulcer were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The plant extract yield showed that aqueous fraction of the leaf extract gave higher yield of 37.3%, followed by ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract at 26.8%, hexane fraction of the leaf extract at 22.3%, and the least was crude methanol leaf extract at 13.4%. The phytochemical analysis showed that the leaf extracts contained phenols, flavonoid, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, saponin, terpenoids and triterpenes. The methanol extract produced highest mean inhibition zone diameter of 19.7±00mm against E. coli, 19.3±1.2mm against P. aeruginosa, 19.3±1.2mm against S. pneumoniae, 18.7±1.2mm against S. aureus and 17.7±1.5mm against K. pneumoniae. The bacteriostatic (MIC) activities of this methanol extract at different concentrations ranged from 3.125 to 25.00mg/ml, and bactericidal (MBC) activities ranged from 6.25 to 50.00mg/ml. The time- kill assay of the crude methanol leaf extract at 1xMIC, 2xMIC and 3x MIC showed a decrease in the number of viable cells count of the initial inoculum within 2-8 hours of incubation, indicating high activity. Conclusion: The methanol leaf extracts of N. imperialis could be used as a complementary source of antimicrobials to the conventional antibiotic in the treatment of wound infections caused by MDR bacteria due to the contents of essential secondary metabolites in the plant extract and the antibacterial activities observed.

Anti-dermatophytic activities and time-kill kinetics of the methanol extracts of Napoleona imperialis

2024-12-30T09:13:48+00:00

Background: Dermatophytosis is one of the most common cutaneous infections in the world. This is a superficial fungal infection that pose public health challenges to man and animals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-dermatophytic activities of the different parts of Napoleona imperialis extract against selected clinical dermatophytes isolated from school children in Anambra State, Nigeria.
Methodology: The pulverized materials of the authenticated plant parts were extracted using cold maceration method for 48 hours in methanol. Stock solutions of the extracts were prepared by dissolving 1000mg of the extract in 2ml of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) to obtain a final concentration of 500mg/ml, that was used to primarily screen the plant extracts for their anti-dermatophytic activities on the selected dermatophytes by the agar well diffusion method. For determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), stock solution of the plant extracts was prepared by dissolving 10000mg of the extract in 2 ml of DMSO to attain a final concentration of 5,000 mg/ml, which was used to prepare different concentrations of the extract by 2-fold serial dilution. The extracts were then tested on selected dermatophytes consisting of two isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one isolate of Microsporum audouinii, one isolate of Microsporum canis, and two isolates of Microsporum ferrugineum. The time kill kinetics was also performed using standard method.
Results: The mean (±SD) inhibition zone diameter produced by the stem bark extract against the different dermatophytes at concentration of 500mg/ml was significantly higher than all other plant extracts used (p<0.05) with M. ferrugineum as the most susceptible. The MICs and MFCs were the same for the leaf, root, stem bark and seed extracts of the plant, which ranged from 31.25-250 mg/ml for M. audouinii; 62.5-250 mg/ml for M. canis, and 0.978-62.5 mg/ml for M. ferrugineum 2. Similarly, the MICs and MFCs were the same for the root extract of the plant against T. mentagrophyte 2 (62.5 mg/ml), stem bark extract against T. mentagrophyte 1 (3.912 mg/ml) and against T. mentagrophyte 2 (1.956 mg/ml). The seed extract against T. mentagrophyte 1 and against M. ferrugineum 1 also had the same MIC and MFC (15.625 mg/ml). In the time -kill assay, there was drastic reduction in the number of viable cells count within 0-1 hour, and at 8-hour time period, there were no viable cells.
Conclusion: Crude methanol extracts of N. imperialis stem bark exhibited higher fungicidal effect when compared to the other plant parts. This extract can be a complementary source of novel antifungal agents. The study provides evidence for the use of this plant in traditional settings for the treatment of dermatophytosis.

Evaluation of invitro antimicrobial activity of Nauclea latifolia root extracts against multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates from diabetic foot ulcers

2024-12-30T09:22:11+00:00

Background: Infections caused by multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) are becoming global health crisis especially the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing microbes. The trend in the occurrence of MDROs has been considered by the World Health Organization as critical and urgent need facing medical science. Herbal plants containing phytochemicals that can be synthesized into new antimicrobial agents are potential alternatives for therapy of MDROs. Methodology: Fresh roots of Nauclea latifolia were harvested from the shrub and identified by botanist at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University with specimen number NAUH-215A. The roots were washed, chopped into smaller sizes for easy drying, air dried under shade and pulverized using a milling machine. The pulverized plant root was extracted using methanol, hexane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous extraction. Wound swabs were collected from diabetic patients with foot ulcers and processed using conventional culture isolation and biochemical identification test scheme for bacterial isolates that were used as test organisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique and multi-drug resistance (MDR) was determined for each isolate. The phytochemical composition of the plant extracts was assessed using standard methods. Antibacterial activities of the methanol root extracts and the fractions were determined at a concentration of 400mg/ml using agar well diffusion method in triplicate and the mean zone diameter of inhibition measured. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the methanol root extracts and the fractions were determined using the serial doubling dilution technique. The time-kill assay was also evaluated. Results: The root extract yield of N. latifolia indicated that methanol extract produced a higher yield of 12.8%, followed by ethyl acetate root fraction at 8.0%, hexane fraction at 7.6%, and aqueous extract produced the least yield at 6.8%. The phytochemical analysis showed that methanol root extracts contain various phytochemicals which included phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and triterpenes. The methanol root extract produced a higher mean inhibition zone diameter of 25.0±00mm against Escherichia coli, followed by mean inhibition zone diameter of 23.0±1.0mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 20.0±2.0mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the least mean inhibition zone diameter of 18.7±1.2mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC of the methanol root extracts for N. latifolia ranged from 3.125 to 12.5mg/ml, and MBC ranged from 6.25 to 25.00 mg/ml. The time-kill assay of methanol extract at 1x MIC, 2x MIC, and 3x MIC showed that reduction in the viable cell count of the initial inoculum was observed within 2-8 hours of incubation at 37^oC, indicating high activity. Conclusion: The methanol root extracts of N. latifolia could be a potential source of antibacterial agent, which can complement conventional antibiotics currently used in the treatment of infections caused by MDR bacterial isolates.

AJCEM - Celebrating 25 years of uninterrupted publication!

2024-12-30T20:10:02+00:00

No abstract