African Journal of Biomedical Research

Ethical Leadership in Health Sciences: A Short Review on Moral Theories Guiding Health Practitioners in South Africa

P.S. Makhoahle, Z.P. Khetsha — Fri, 31 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Moral theories play an important role in the shape of healthcare institutions and health practitioners. Under the recently described
VUCA world, the health science discipline has been confronted with ethical dilemmas and work burdens due to the socio-cultural
politics globally, and this has been reported widely in South Africa due to the population and migration of foreign nationals. This
commentary reviewed recent studies in ethical leadership, and moral theories, where deontology, consequentialism, and virtue
ethics were used as lenses to trouble the current approaches to ethical leadership and moral theories in health science. In brief
the study used contextual analysis, it was observed that the common setting, applying the interpretation and application of these
theories ethically are essential for preserving patients’ rights, ensuring equitable care, and maintaining professional integrity
under any socio-cultural political stances of any country.

Occupational Hazards and Health Risks Among Abattoir Workers: A Narrative Review

L.G. Mosoeu, P.C. Rathebe — Fri, 31 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the review is to provide an informed discussion on the health and safety of workers in slaughterhouses and/or abattoirs where animals are slaughtered for human consumption and different processes and activities are performed on daily
basis. Primarily, this review provides knowledge on health and safety within slaughterhouses and/or abattoirs and subsequently
to identify occupational hazards and health risks associated thereon. Abattoir work can be connected to the health hazards that
might result in occupational diseases and/or may exacerbate the existing ill-health of non-occupational origin. Several studies
have been completed on the health and safety of workers in abattoirs and studies indicated that workers in animal-related
occupations have an average knowledge to adequate knowledge of zoonotic diseases but poor knowledge of preventive measures
and that employer responsibilities towards prevention and control of occupational hazards are inadequate. South Africa has
enacted legislation to deal with occupational health and safety, this includes the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 85 of 1993.
However, information on the development of National Guidelines on health and safety in the meat industry is still lacking. This
legislation covers occupational health and safety in all workplaces and ensures that employers and workers comply with the
requirements stipulated to protect the workers from hazards in the workplace. Therefore, this review recognizes that there is
limited literature on the health and safety of workers and poor knowledge on identifying the types of injuries experienced and
the associated risk factors, and as well as the management of these injuries in the facilities.

Epidemiology and Burden of Cholera in Nigeria

S. Asaolu, M.M. Abiona — Fri, 31 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacterium Vibrio cholera. It is a
significant public health concern globally, particularly in low-income countries like Nigeria and resulting in mobility and
mortality every year. Several factors including socioeconomic and environmental among other factors drive this trend. Some
regions in the country have been identified as hot spots most especially the north where insurgency has worsened outbreaks and
management/control difficult. This review examines the occurrence, geographical distribution, seasonal patterns, risk factors and
associated mortality rates with cholera outbreaks highlighting the key findings and trends observed in the epidemiology of cholera
and the challenges faced in the prevention and control of cholera in the country such as; inadequate sanitation and water supply,
limited healthcare resources and low community awareness. Furthermore, It highlight the need for improved surveillance
systems, access to clean water and sanitation facilities, improved education on the importance of handwashing and good hygiene
practices with effective public health intervention to mitigate the burden of cholera especially in the northern part of Nigeria
where the outbreaks are more frequent. It contributes to the existing literature on cholera epidemiology in Nigeria and provides
valuable insights for future research and intervention strategies.

A Systematic Review on Adolescent Contraceptive Usage

R.O. Olofinbiyi, E.F. Ojo, O.C. Ogidan, G.M. Ayodeji, A.A. Johnson — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A systematic review of the literature was conducted to describe the available data on adolescent contraceptive usage. The
keywords used in the search include: adolescent, contraceptive use, contraceptives, adolescent reproductive health disease in
PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, Nursing and Allied Health, and SAGE, which resulted in a total of 452 published papers.
The researcher ensured that the articles/journals were materials of high quality which satisfied the following characteristics of
inclusion such as; there was a title for each paper, the name(s) of the author(s) was/were clearly written on the papers, the paper
must have been published between the years 2014 and 2022 and the paper must be available in academic search tools and
databases, published by official and credible sources. A total of 13 relevant journal articles were believed to be suitable for
inclusion by the researcher in the systematic review

Molecular Epidemiology of Canine Parvovirus in Nigeria

A.A. Adeyemo, C.O. Aiki-Raji, O.O. Akinniyi, O.A. Fagbohun — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) in 1978, probably as a result of the cross-species incursion of feline panleukopenia
virus, resulted in the current pandemic of canine parvoviral enteritis. It has been 40 years since the virus was first identified in
Nigeria and it has been afflicting dog population in the country unabatedly. As such, in this review, CPV molecular epidemiology
in Nigeria entailing its prevalence, occurrence of subtypes, co-infection and genetic evolution are analysed. All the three subtypes
of the virus have been identified in the country with CPV-2a subtype being preponderant. However, in recent years there has
been an upsurge in the number of CPV-2c and it is often associated with bloody diarrhoea even in vaccinated puppies. Therefore,
there is need for proper assessment of the molecular epidemiology of the virus for proper institution of effective control policies
to eradicate this pathogen.

Antibacterial Resistance Genes Frequently Detected in Nigeria

M.B. Mshelia, D.A. Zenoh, I.V. Fasogbon, N.Y. Micheal , C. Obi, M. Adam, T. Nuhu — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The emergence and reemergence of antibacterial resistance has made it more difficult for a choice of effective antibiotics that
treat bacterial infections. Bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobial agents are usually spread from person to person, or from
non-human sources in the environment. These non-human sources could aid in the spread of resistant genes as well as resistant
pathogens. Systematic review was conducted in accordance to the guideline of PRISMA, 55 relevant literatures from the 152
searched were identified from PubMed, Google Scholar and AJOL using related specific search terms. Only studies carried out
or related to Nigeria from January, 2000 to August, 2022. All data obtained from the reviewed articles were presented in
percentages using MS Excel 2013. The most prevalent antibacterial genes were blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM with the prevalence
of 2.77%; sul1 and tetA with the prevalence rate of 2.31%; tetM with the prevalence rate of 2.08%; and blaCTX-M, blaSHV,
mecA, sul2 and tetB having a prevalence of 1.85%. The sources from which these resistance genes were identified are humans
(55.7%) and non-humans (44.3%). The most prevalent bacteria harboring these resistant genes were Escherichia coli (13.2%),
Staphylococcus aureus (5.66%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.03%). Antibiotics resistance has continued to threaten the success
of modern medicine, with more resistance strains emerging constantly. The wide distribution of antibacterial resistance genes in
non-human sources makes them reservoirs of these resistant genes which have the potential of being transferred from commensal
microorganisms to human pathogens.

Geospatial Analysis of Malaria Prevalence among Children Under Five Years in Jigawa State, North West, Nigeria

I.I. Yakudima, Y.M. Adamu, N. Samat, M.U. Mohammed, I.I. Abdulkarim, N.I. Hassan — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria is one of the leading causes of illness and death in developing countries. Despite growing international concern and
efforts to provide effective treatment through the development and improvement of vector control mechanisms, malaria infection
continues to remain a leading health problem in Africa, particularly south of the Sahara. At present, however, very few studies
have been undertaken that investigate the spatial distribution of malaria cases. This study, therefore, aims to employ geospatial
tools to map out areas of high and low malaria prevalence among children under the age of five years. Annual malaria prevalence
was computed using confirmed cases from 2014 to 2019 in Jigawa state. Spatial autocorrelation techniques using global Moran’s
I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were applied. Overall malaria prevalence ranged between 2,743 and 12,916 per 100,000
populations. Results of the overall global Moran’s I indicate a statistically significant degree of positive autocorrelation (I =
0.358122, Z = 3.721018, P = 0.000198) and all the years under study showed clustered patterns. Hotspot analysis was further
explored to show the location of clusters. The results of the analysis detected high prevalence clusters in central and north-western
parts of the state. The study recommends targeting hotspot areas in the design and implementation of malaria control activities.

Dermatoglyphics of Children Diagnosed with Inguino-Genital Swelling Compared with their Biological Parents

M.O. Adetona, D.S. Omotere, D.I. Olulana, O.O. Ogundoyin — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Inguino-genital swelling that are non-inflammatory may be hernias or hydroceles and are inheritable. This study was aimed at
investigating dermatoglyphics as non-invasive screening tool for inguino-genital predisposition within families. Fingerprints of
27 affected children (AC) [25 males, 2 females], 34 parents of affected children [8 fathers, 28 mothers], 32 non-affected children
(NAC) [22 males, 10 females], and 36 parents of non-affected children [6 fathers, 30 mothers] were obtained from the University
College Hospital and Adeoyo Specialist Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were analysed with Automated Fingerprint Identification
System and STATA software (P≤0.05). In AC and their mothers and NAC and their mothers, arch was statistically significant in
the right fingers (RF). In AC and their fathers and NAC and their fathers, the ulnar loop was statistically significant in RF.
Absolute finger ridge count was significant in RF of AC and their fathers and NAC and their fathers. In minutiae, the bifurcation
and double bifurcation were statistically significant in the left fingers (LF) of AC and NAC. In AC and their mothers and NAC
and their mothers, opposed bifurcation was statistically significant in LF. In AC and their fathers and NAC and their fathers,
double bifurcation, bridge, dot, and break were statistically significant in LF, lake was significant in both RF and LF. There were
weak positive and negative correlations in the patterns and minutiae distributions between AC and their parents. This study may
be used as a marker alongside other genetic markers to identify predisposition to inguino-genital swellings of non-inflammatory,
hereditary origin.

Sexually transmitted infections and HIV Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices amongst first-year students at a University Setting in South Africa

K. Makobe, L. Fernandes, O.O. Oguntibeju — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Sexually transmitted infections and HIV are health issues of concern and the issue of STI and HIV is public interest
to university students, staff and government. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices
amongst first year students at a university setting in South Africa. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive survey
was conducted at a University of Technology in Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng Province, South Africa. A total of 362 students
participated in the study resulting in a response rate of 97%. Data were collected by using an anonymous self-administered
questionnaire that was adapted from validated questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data
analysis using Strata mini version 13.0. The significant level of p value was determined at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of
respondents was 20.19. Generally, 92% of the students showed a sound level of knowledge about STI and HIV health-related
matters and 95% displayed positive attitudes. The majority (84.3%) of students started engaging in sexual behaviour between the
ages of 15-19. It is worth noting that 15.7% had never engaged in sexual activity. The majority (78.7%) of the respondents used
condoms as the preferred method of prevention while 60% of the respondents were engaged in risky behaviour. Conclusion: First
year students of a specific university in this study have high knowledge about STI and HIV health matters, however, some gaps
were identified that need to be addressed.

Effects of Blended and Lecture Teaching Methods on Students’ Academic Performance in Research Methodology in Two Basic Schools of Nursing in Enugu State, South East Nigeria

I.G. Onwumere, N.P. Ogbonnaya, I.L. Okoronkwo — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Teaching and learning process involves interaction between the teacher and the learner through various teaching methods which
show what to teach, how to teach and the effects they will have on academic performance. This study investigated the effects of
blended, and lecture teaching methods on students’ academic performance in research methodology. This was a non-randomized
control trial quasi-experimental study. Total population of 96 students from two basic nursing schools in Enugu State assigned
to experimental (BTM) and control (LTM) groups participated in the study. The demographic information was obtained using
self-developed demographic questions while validated achievement test on research methodology was administered before and
after the intervention. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 25.
BTM (pretest 43.70±9.20, 10.26% and 13.64%1st 2nd posttests, increase of 3.38% (P<0.05). LTM (pretest 44.68±9.59%,
48.25±6.30%, and 48.67±4.99% 1st 2nd posttests, increase of 0.43% (P>0.05). There was significant increase of 3.38% in the
AP of basic nursing students after using blended teaching method in first and second posttests (P<0.05). There was increase of
0.43% in the AP after using LTM but not significant (P>0.05). There was statistically significant difference in the mean scores
of pretests and posttests (P<0.05), of those exposed to BTM. BMT had a higher AP than LTM (P<0.05). BTM significantly
improved AP while LTM showed least improvement on the AP of students in research methodology. BTM had positive effect
in enhancing learning outcomes implying that students derive benefit from being taught using combined TMs.

Effect of Supportive Education on Knowledge and Practice of Kangaroo-Mother-Care in Pre-term and Low-Birth-Weight Babies Management in Selected Communities in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed the effect of supportive education on the knowledge and practice of kangaroo-mother-care (KMC) in the
management of pre-mature and low-birth-weight babies in selected communities in Enugu State. A quasi-experimental pretestposttest, non-randomized design was adopted. A sample size of 332 postnatal mothers from the two community health centers
under study was determined using power analysis. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. Data
were descriptively analyzed with SPSS version 22, while inferential statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test,
independent t test, and one-way analysis of variance. Results with a p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results of
major findings showed that mothers' knowledge of KMC improved after the intervention, from an average score of 34.8%
to 85.6% and 31.9% to 69.2%, with mean and standard deviations of 6.8±2.6 and 5.6±2.9 in the experimental and control groups,
respectively. The practice of KMC also improved after the intervention, from 30% to 76.6% and 36.4% to 73.5%, with mean and
standard deviations of 7.7±1.2 and 6.6±1.5 in the experimental and control groups, respectively. There was a significant
difference in mothers knowledge of KMC between the experimental and control groups before the intervention (t =2.6 and p =
0.010) and after the supportive intervention (t = 3.7 and p = 0.000). There was no significant difference in the influence of sociodemographic characteristics of mothers and the practice of KMC after intervention in both groups: educational status (F = 0.3
and p = 0.801), marital age (F = 0.3 and p = 0.889), and parity (F = 0.1 and p = 0.965). In conclusion, participants with supportive
education interventions (experimental group) performed better than those with normal health education (control group).

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Primary Health Care Providers on Children Tuberculosis Control in Ibadan, Nigeria

V.B. Brown , P.O. Elemese — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nigeria is one of the 30 high tuberculosis burden countries globally. Childhood tuberculosis has been identified as a hidden
epidemic with a large proportion of the cases remaining undetected. For many years, tuberculosis control programmes have
focused on adults, programmes and studies specific to childhood tuberculosis should be prioritized. Healthcare providers are
frontline workers fighting against tuberculosis, their knowledge, attitude, and practices are essential to tuberculosis control. This
study assessed knowledge, attitude and practice on prevention and control of childhood tuberculosis in selected primary health
care (PHC) centres in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was
employed in the study. A total of 270 participants were selected using multistage sampling technique. A semi-structured
questionnaire was used to collect data which were analysed and presented in percentages. Association between variables were
tested with chi-square and Fisher’s exact test at 0.05 level of significance. Overall, 215 (79.65) of the participants were female,
125 (46.3%) were nurses/midwives, only 27 (10%) ever attended a training on tuberculosis in the preceding 12 months. Sixtynine (25.6%) had good knowledge, 46 (17%) had positive attitude, while 74 (27.4%) had good practice of childhood tuberculosis
prevention and control. Good knowledge was found to have significant association with good practice among the participants
(P=0.000). The study revealed poor knowledge, attitude and practice towards childhood tuberculosis prevention and control
among PHC providers in selected centres in Ibadan, Nigeria. Training and re-training of PHC providers on tuberculosis is
recommended at grassroot level.

Effect of Mobile-Based Video Teaching Method on Students Learning Outcome on Female Catheterization among Nursing Students at Two Schools in Enugu, Nigeria

N.Z. Agwagu, I.L. Okoronkwo, A.U. Chinweuba, N. Nnamdi — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study compared mobile video instruction to face-to-face demonstrations in nursing practicum outcomes. Using quasiexperimental design, two nursing student groups were studied: UNTH-SON received mobile video instruction, while BS-SON
had face-to-face demonstrations. Each group consisted of a randomly selected sample of 56 students (n=112). Prior to the
intervention, a pre-test evaluated baseline skills, with the intervention group receiving a 30-minute video tutorial accessible on
handheld electronic devices for three weeks, and the control group receiving twice-weekly 30-minute face-to-face sessions for
the same duration. A post-test, conducted 21 days post-intervention, utilized a 39-item OSCE checklist with content validity of
0.902 and test-retest reliability of 0.817. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis (Student t-test and Fisher’s
exact test) at a 5% significance level. Baseline skill assessment revealed the mobile video group's mean score at 16.54 (5.46),
with 82.1% performing poorly, compared to the face-to-face group's mean score of 21.82 (6.72), with 64.3% performing poorly
(p < 0.001). Post-intervention, the mobile video group scored 32.73 (5.49), with only 3.6% performing poorly, while the faceto-face group scored 33.23 (6.89), with 5.4% performing poorly (p = 0.627). Mobile video-based instruction exhibited a 42%
higher effectiveness than face-to-face instruction, with a mean difference of 16.19 versus 11.41 (Effect Ratio 1.41). However,
post-test scores showed no significant difference (p = 0.672). In conclusion, video-based teaching is effective for instructing
basic nursing students in female urinary catheterization during educational practicum, especially when face-to-face
demonstrations are impractical.

Plasma Levels of Vitamin D and C-Reactive Protein in Adult Nigerians with COVID-19

A.A. Onifade, S.K. Rahamon, O.G. Arinola — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been associated with increased mortality in patients with COVID-19. The anti-inflammatory
properties of vitamin D are vital when considering the heightened inflammation in COVID-19 patients. Although avalanche of
reports are available on the plasma levels of vitamin D and C-reactive protein (CRP) in COVID-19 patients, information on the
dynamics of CRP level changes in different categories of vitamin D status is lacking. Therefore, the plasma levels of CRP were
determined in COVID-19 patients with different vitamin D status. Forty nine adults comprising 31 COVID-19 patients and 18
apparently healthy participants who served as controls were enrolled into this study. The plasma levels of high sensitivity-CRP
(hsCRP) and vitamin D were determined using ELISA. Vitamin D status was classified as deficient, insufficient, sufficient and
intoxication as appropriate. None of the COVID-19 patients had vitamin D insufficiency while majority of the controls were
vitamin D sufficient. The proportion of COVID-19 patients with vitamin D intoxication was significantly higher than in the
controls. The median plasma levels of vitamin D and hsCRP were not significantly different between the COVID-19 patients
and the controls. The median plasma level of hsCRP was slightly lower in the vitamin D intoxication group compared with the
vitamin D sufficient group. Vitamin D intoxication is common among Nigerian patients with COVID-19 and the vitamin D
intoxication is associated with low plasma hsCRP level. There is the need for public enlightenment on the dangers inherent in
vitamin D supplement abuse in Nigerians.

Effects of a Local Aphrodisiac on Body Weight Changes, LD50, Lipid Profile, Liver Enzymes and Antioxidant Activities in Male Wistar rats

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Rejuvenator is a local commercial libido enhancing drink extensively consumed in Nigeria as ‘over-the-counter product’.
Following reports from the users, it is alleged to improve libido and fertility in males. Listed as ingredients are Tribulus terrestris,
Capsasine, Cilantrosied, Myristica fragrans, Zingiber officinale, Rhodiola rosea, Ocinum bacilicum, honey and cinnamon,
which are natural products believed to treat erectile dysfunction in males and other ailments. In this study we aimed at
investigating the effect of this aphrodisiac on LD50, body weight changes and some other biochemical parameters to ascertain
the implications if any of the drink on the living system. In the experimentation, fractions of the drink (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg
bodyweight) and Viagra (100 mg/kg bodyweight) were administered to Wistar rats for 21 days. Toxicity evaluation of the drink
revealed that its LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg body weight. A favorable lipid profile was observed in the test groups and no
significant negative impact was seen on the antioxidant enzymes. The drink has the tendency of increasing body weight and may
impact the liver as both ALT and ALP were significantly high (p < 0.05) in group 3. The study has revealed that the drink has
no toxicity challenge (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg bw) nor the tendency to increase free radical activity in the system as well as triggering
lipid peroxidation. The animals possessed favorable lipid profile, though; some liver enzymes increased which suggests that the
drink could impact on the liver and may be greater after a long-term use. Finally, the drink has the tendency to increase weight.

GC-FID Quantification of Phytochemicals and Radical Scavenging Potentials of Nanosuspension of Annona muricata leaf extract

C.A. Alalor, J.A. Avbunudiogba, P.E. Taigbenu, K.C. Ugoeze — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Several bioactive principles of plant extracts exhibit poor absorption and bioavailability due to their high molecular size or poor
aqueous solubility. Nanoformulations of herbal drugs have emerged as essential tools to enhance bioavailability, solubility, drug
retention time, and delivery while minimizing toxic effects. This can potentially strengthen the action of herbal extracts, reduce
dosage and side effects, and improve bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radical scavenging activity of
nanosuspension of Annona muricata leaf extract and quantify its phytoconstituents using a gas chromatography-flame ionization
detector (GC-FID). Extraction of crude extract and quantification of phytochemicals by GC-FID was done. The in vitro
antioxidant activity of the crude extract and nanosuspension of Annona muricata were evaluated using the DPPH scavenging
activity and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The particle size analysis of the nanosuspension showed that particles
were in the nano-range with average particle size of 73.35 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.404. The results also revealed
that the nanoformulation augmented the antioxidant potentials of the crude extract of Annona muricata. At a concentration of 20
mg/ml, the percentage scavenging activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 71.24% for crude to 95.39% for
nanosuspension, even higher than ascorbic acid (standard) which stood at 82.36%. Annona muricata is a powerful antioxidant
agent and the use of nanotechnology can resolve some of the inherent biopharmaceutical shortcomings of herbal materials and
serve as a tool for optimizing the bioactivity of the active components of plant extracts in herbal formulation.

Fungal Profile and Pathogenicity Indices Associated with Cucumber Fruits in Aba, Southeastern Nigeria

C.C. Ike, P.C. Emeka-Ike, H.O. Ogwuegbu, K. Omende, P.U. Nnadi — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The fungal profile and pathogenicity indices associated with cucumber fruits were determined using standard microbiological
methods. A total of one hundred and twenty-five (125) samples were randomly picked from five (5) different markets/ hawking
points, transported in ice bags to Laboratory for analysis, prepared and made ready for microbiological analysis. Also
pathogenicity tests were conducted on the identified isolates to establish both severity and percent disease index in the Koch
postulates of disease development. The mean fungal count ranged from 1.0 x 103 ±0.25/±0.32 to 5.4 x 103 ±0.12. Isolates were
characterized colonially, microscopically, and morphologically with their identities confirmed with reference chart. The four (4)
isolates include Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Fusarium species, and Cladosporium species. Due to high microbial
thresholds of associated genus, there is need for all round awareness to avoid health outbreaks and pathogenesis tendencies, as
some isolated species could produce potent toxins that are linked with food-borne illnesses. Bruises, pierces and surface wounds
should be avoided at all times, having known the PDI of some isolates. Infestation by rodents and insects during storage should
be avoided as it may constitute serious health and deterioration exposures. Washing of fruits with salted-water before eating is
most recommended, as transit eating of any kind should be discouraged.

Electrocardiographic Study of Rescued White-bellied Pangolins (Phataginus tricuspis) Immobilized with Xylazine Combination

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Optimal health is required in endangered species and one of the vital organs to assess the overall health of an animal is the heart.
The Electrocardiograph (ECG) provides information on the health status of the heart. There is dearth of information on the
electrocardiographic parameters of white bellied pangolins. In this study, we obtained cardiac parameters from clinically healthy
white-bellied pangolins (n=26) rescued from trade in Southwestern Nigeria. The Pangolins were sedated with Ketamine
hydrochloride (10mg/kg) and Xylazine (3mg/kg). Electrocardiography was recorded with the animal on dorsal recumbence using
a 6/7 lead computer ECG machine. Standard bipolar (I, II, III) and augmented unipolar (aVR, aVL and aVF) leads readings were
recorded. Measurements are presented as mean±standard deviation. Electrocardiogram (ECG) readings were analysed using
Descriptive statistics, Student t-test at 5% level of significance. Electrocardiographic parameters such as heart rate (HR), P-wave
duration, PR-interval, QRS duration, QT interval, QTc interval and Ra were recorded for each of the leads. The HR ranged from
54 to 109 beats/min with a mean ± standard deviation of 82.85±13.50 beats/min. Lead II recordings showed a P-wave duration
of 61.19±16.73 ms, PR interval 94.88±18.88 ms, QRS duration 50.77±16.05 ms, QT interval 299.88±31.23 ms, QTc interval
347.88±37.07 ms and Ra 1.28±0.38 mV. There were no significant differences in the ECG parameters between male and female
white-bellied pangolins in all the leads measured. The findings of this study should provide clinical reference for healthy
management of African pangolins. It would also serve as a reference values for further research.

Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin C and N-Acetyl cysteine on Mercury chloride-induced Neurotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study investigated the ameliorative effects of Vitamin C (Vit. C) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on mercury chloride
(HgCl2)-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four, n=5. I:
control, received 0.5mL normal saline, II: received HgCl2 alone (5mg/kg), III: received HgCl2 (5mg/kg) plus Vit. C (100 mg/kg),
IV: received HgCl2 (5mg/kg) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (50mg/kg) for fourteen (14) days. All the drugs were administered
orally. The rats were subjected to behavioural tests (Morris water maze, novel object recognition, light and dark box, fore limb
grip strength and beam walking balance tests). The rats were then euthanized to obtain brain tissues for the determination of
catalase activity, total protein and nitric oxide (NO) levels. The result revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the escape
latency, beam walking latency, and footslip scores, and a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the recognition ratio, exploration
frequency, and drop-off time in the rats that were exposed to HgCl2 only. However, Vit. C and NAC reversed the observed
behavioural deficits. Similarly, HgCl2 exposure caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the brain catalase and total protein, and
a significant (P<0.05) increase in the NO level. Also, administration of Vit. C and NAC significantly (P<0.05) reversed the trend.
This study concludes that Vit. C and NAC ameliorated HgCl2-induced neurotoxicity via attenuation of behavioural deficits and
oxidative stress

Compression and Release Properties of Two-Step Modified Rice Starch and Lactose Blends in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations

A.D. Kayode, O.A. Adetunji — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Starches have been physically and/or chemically modified to improve their functional capacities, subsequently enhancing their
use as excipients. Rice starch (Oryza sativa L. Family: Poaceae), was exposed to two-step modification and co-blended with
lactose. The blends were incorporated in paracetamol formulations and evaluated for compression and release properties. Rice
starch was simultaneously pregelatinized and silicified before co-blending with lactose at different ratios to obtain DMRS/L1:1,
DMRS/L1:2, DMRS/L2:1. Similar blends containing unmodified rice starch and lactose (URS/L1:1, URS/L1:2, URS/L2:1) were
also made. Density measurements, compressibility, surface morphology, particle size and FTIR spectroscopy were the
assessment criteria for the blends, which were incorporated in paracetamol tablet formulations and evaluated for their release
properties. Results were statistically evaluated using ANOVA at a significance level of p-values<0.05. Density measurements
revealed higher angles of repose for the denser unmodified blends, indicating an enhancement of flow properties. DMRS/L1:2
and DMRS/L2:1 had good compressibility based on the Carr’s indices of 24.17±0.02% and 21.78±0.16% respectively. Generally,
the modified powder blends were more spherical, however DMRS/L2:1 had the largest particle size (39.58±2.37µm), while
URS/L1:1 had the smallest particle size (11.50±1.31µm). Modification incorporated more functional groups without
compromising the basic starch integrity as observed in the FTIR plots. Tablets containing modified starches disintegrated and
released the API faster, with the formulation containing DMRS/L1:2 showing the fastest release rate. Dual modification involving
simultaneous pregelatinization and silicification of rice starch led to enhanced functional properties when blended with lactose
and showed better tablet qualities when incorporated as excipients.

In vitro Anti-microbial and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Zinc(II), Copper(II), Cobalt(II) and Cadmium(II) Ions Coordinated with N-(pyridin-4-yl)(tolu-4-yl)sulphonamide

K.J. Orie, B.I. Okocha — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The rising use of antibiotics and antioxidants in medicine and animal care has primarily contributed to antibiotic-resistant
microbes, decreased oxidative stress, and prompted the hunt for novel and effective medications. This study reports the synthesis,
bioactivity, and radical scavenging potential of N-(pyridin-4-yl)(tolu-4-yl)sulphonamide coordinated with zinc (II), copper (II),
cobalt (II), and cadmium (II) ions. The condensation reaction of 4-aminopyridine and tosyl chloride produced the sulphonamide
derivative. The complexes were synthesized by the reaction of ZnCl2 /Cu(NO3)2.6H2O, Co(NO3)2.6H2O, Cd(NO3)2.6H2O
with the sulphonamide derivative. The antimicrobial analysis was conducted via the conventional method, and the free radical
scavenging activity was achieved through the use of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. These compounds were
characterized by physicochemical analysis, UV-VIS, FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C) and LC-MS. The ligand and its new complexes
were tested against gram (-) Escherichia coli, gram (-) Salmonella typhi, gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The findings revealed that some of the complexes have significant activity
against some pathogens and show good free radical scavenging activity. The heterocyclic pyridine nitrogen in the sulphonamide
is a good site for complaxation, and the methods employed and the synthesized compounds are viable sources of knowledge for
the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The study recommends further investigation into the formation of new complexes
and their bioactivity with other clinical pathogens.

Serum Levels of Some Essential Trace Elements in Patients with Osteoarthritis

A.S. Ajileye, A.B. Ajileye, A.M. Emokpae — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects both the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone
over time. Joint pain and stiffness are the most prevalent symptoms. The aim of this study was to estimate the serum levels of
some essential trace elements in subjects with osteoarthritis (OA). A total of 300 subjects comprising of 150 OA (test group) and
150 non-osteoarthritis (healthy control) subjects, between the ages of 51 to 90 years old were recruited for this study. The control
subjects were healthy individuals recruited from different locations in Ondo state. Questionnaires were administered first to the
control subjects before being recruited for this study. Atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure the serum
concentrations of calcium, copper, zinc and selenium, after proper digestion with acid, while Vitamin D and K were measured
using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometer respectively. There was high prevalence of
female (60.7%) OA subjects when compared with their male (39.3%) counterpart. The concentrations of calcium, selenium and
Vit. D of OA subjects were significantly higher (p<0.001) than the non-osteoarthritis. However, the concentrations of zinc,
copper and Vit. K of OA was significantly lower than the non-osteoarthritis subjects between the distributions. Subjects with
osteoarthritis had higher levels of calcium, Selenium and Vit. D and lower levels of zinc, copper and Vit. K. In addition, Zinc
and selenium supplements which reduce the severity of OA should be further encouraged.

Assessment of Medical Waste Management and Practices in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State Nigeria, Northeast Nigeria

H. Abdullahi, M. Mustapha, B. Mohammed — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Medical wastes such as sharps, infected blood, syringes, body parts and radioactive matters are waste generated during health
care service deliveries in hospitals and clinics. Which often receives less attention in developing countries resulting to negative
impact on human health due to improper management, and moreover data regarding medical waste management practices are
limited in most part of the regions. This research therefore assesses medical waste management and practices in Maiduguri,
Borno state, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire, physical observation and key informant interview were used to collect
information addressing the generation, segregation, storage, treatment and disposal in 10 selected Heath care facilities across
Maiduguri Metropolitan City. From the results Waste generation per bed per month ranges from 16613 kg/bed/month to 324
kg/bed/month, segregation practice was excellent as 77.5% of the respondents had adequate knowledge of waste segregation,
However, few (24%) segregated wastes at the point of generation, largely using plastic bins (50%). Knowledge of color coding
was satisfactory as 83.75% responded to use color code. Majority (90%) collected waste more than twice/day mainly using plastic
bins (46.25%), trolleys (37.5%) and few (12.5%) use combination and plastic and wheel barrows. Personal protective equipment
(PPEs) was reported to be used by 98.75% of the respondents. For disposal, medical wastes were mostly burned openly within
the hospital (63.75%). In general, the state of medical waste management in Maiduguri was excellent with little challenges of
facilities and equipment, the effort of NSHIP (Nigeria-State Health Investment Project) was highly commendable for bridging
some gaps.

Musculoskeletal Related Disorders among Electrical Employees in Southeast, Nigeria

C.C. Anyachukwu, P.C. Aronu, M. Aronu, C.C. Amarah, E.C. Ajare — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There is insufficient literature on the musculoskeletal related disorders among electrical employees in South-East, Nigeria. This
study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pattern of distribution of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among electrical
employees in south-east, Nigeria. A cross sectional Study. Socio-demographic characteristics, Job background, prevalence and
pattern of MSDs of 109 electrical employees (19- 57 years) were investigated using a standard Nordic questionnaire. The data
collected was analysed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. The study revealed a high rate of MSD
among electrical employees (88.1%). The most affected regions were neck (55.0%), followed by the lower back and shoulders
(51.4% each), then the upper back (46.8%), wrists/hands (44.0%), Knees (36.7%), hips/thighs and ankles/feet (33.0% each), the
elbow (29.4%). There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal related disorders and the highest
educational status of the electrical employees. High prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders exists among electrical employees.
Trainings on correct ergonomic practices is recommended to be carried out in this population.

A Qualitative Study of Satisfaction with Physiotherapy Care of Individuals with Low Back Pain at a Tertiary Hospital in SouthWest Nigeria

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Physiotherapists are leading providers of care for patients with low back pain, a condition with severe economic burden in
Nigeria. The satisfaction of patients is an essential indicator of the quality of such care. This study investigated patients'
satisfaction with physiotherapy care for low back pain at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. To explore their
satisfaction with physiotherapy care, we conducted qualitative research among patients with LBP receiving treatment at the Outpatient Physiotherapy Clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Using the purposive sampling technique, 14
patients (eight females, six males) were recruited for focus group discussion (FGD). Content thematic analysis was used for data
analysis; the data was reduced by identifying categories and themes, data check and validation was done. Three themes emerged
from the qualitative study: relationship with the physiotherapist, adequacy of treatment, and factors influencing satisfaction. It
was established that there was a cordial relationship between physiotherapists and patients, and treatment was perceived to be
adequate. However, the following factors were perceived as influencing satisfaction with care negatively; inadequate equipment
and supplies, language barrier at the reception for non-Yoruba speaking patients, prolonged waiting time before treatment,
insufficient human resources and cost of care. Patients were satisfied with physiotherapy care for LBP they received at the outpatient physiotherapy clinic. Treatment was perceived to be adequate. Surprisingly, patients have little or no knowledge of
physiotherapy care for LBP and thus no specific expectation of care. Therefore, patient education is pivotal and should be part
of management in Physiotherapy clinics.

Effects of Silver Nanoparticle Modified Corchorus olitorius (Jute) Leaf Extract on Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile of Diabetic Wistar

C.M. Onyeugo, K.O. Ejeta, T.O. Azeez, I.C. Ekuma — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes, a high prevalent and non-infectious disease characterized with expensive management coupled with its complication
exerts serious economic burden on patients and healthcare practitioners. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of silver
nanoparticles modified Corchorus olitorius leaf extracts (AgNPs-COLE) on blood sugar and lipid profile of alloxan induced
diabetic wistar rats. Phytochemical screening of Corchorus olitorius leaf extract (COLE) was carried out using gravimetric
method. The energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to determine the elemental content of green synthesized
silver nanoparticles. Thirty-five (35) Wistar rats of 184 – 201g were used and grouped into A-G of 5 per group. Group A were
non-induced and not treated except feeding only, Groups B-G were induced with diabetes using 130mg/kg alloxan monohydrate,
while Group B were not treated, group C were administered 10mg/kg glibenclamide (GLB), groups D and E were administered
with aqueous leaf extracts of Cochorus olitorius of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, respectively, and groups F and G were administered
with 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg of AgNPs modified Jute leaf extract, respectively. The blood sugar level and lipids assay were
determined. Data analysis was carried out using multivariate ANOVA of SPSS version 26 with inferior p-value of 0.05. Alkaloid,
flavonoid, terpernoids, steroid and saponins were predominant phytochemicals with yields of 16.46, 11.42, 6.9, 3.58 and 2.42 %.
Blood sugar levels of the rats were significantly reduced in all groups following treatment regime. Total cholesterol, TG, HDLC and LDL-C levels of diabetic rats significantly reduced when administered with AgNPs-COLE compared to COLE and GLB,
respectively. Thus, silver nanoparticles enhanced anti-diabetogenic potentials of C. olitorius leaf extract and performed better
than glibenclamide in diabetes management.

Effectiveness of Midwife-led Structured Education Intervention on Optimal Breastfeeding Knowledge among Primigravid Women in Nigeria: a Randomised Control Trial

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Breast milk is a priceless essential food for the first six months of life and yet sub-Saharan Africa has neonatal deaths attributed
to sub optimal breastfeeding. The study assessed the effectiveness of lecture and lecture with demonstration in optimal
breastfeeding knowledge among women. The study adopted a quasi-experimental randomized design. A sample of 141 was
determined from a population of 191 primigravid women attending antenatal clinics in General Hospitals Enugu Nigeria. A
researcher developed validated was used to collect data from 63 intervention and 76 control group. A pretest was conducted and
intervention was given to the participants while posttests were conducted at different times after intervention. Data were analyzed
using SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics was used to present socio demographic variables and objectives of the study while
inferential statistics were used to ascertain the effectiveness of the intervention at 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that
most of the participants were in the age range of 21-30 years. The Pre-intervention knowledge level was poor in both groups and
after intervention knowledge levels increased over time higher in the intervention than in the control group. Hypotheses tested
revealed that educational interventions were effective as those in the intervention groups were significantly more knowledgeable
than those in the control group. Antenatal care attendance was a significant predictor of knowledge of optimal breastfeeding. The
researcher concluded that lectures with demonstration during antenatal are effective in improving knowledge level of optimal
breastfeeding and recommended that authorities implement policy instituting breastfeeding support groups in hospitals.

Seasonal Assessment of Pollution Status, Bioaccumulation and Potential Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Shrimps (Penaeus monodon) and Water from the Great Kwa River in Calabar, Nigeria

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The deterioration of water quality in rivers is caused by various factors, with heavy metals contamination being a significant
contributor. Human activities are identified as the main cause of this contamination. This research evaluated the pollution levels,
bioaccumulation, and potential health risks associated with heavy metals presence in Shrimps (Penaeus monodon) and the water
from Great Kwa River in Calabar, Nigeria. Shrimp and water samples were collected for both wet and dry season at four
designated locations along the river. The physical characteristics of the water were assessed in-situ. The concentrations of heavy
metals, namely lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, iron, and copper were determined through wet digestion and analyzed using
an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. To validate the method, standard reference materials (Lichens coded IAEA - 336)
were utilized. The physical properties of water were found to be within the established standards. In the shrimp, the Fe and Pb
were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the wet season compared to the dry season. Similarly, the occurrence of Fe, Cr, and
Pb in the water samples was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the wet season compared to the dry season. The Estimated
Daily Intake of all the assessed metals in both seasons were within the recommended upper tolerable limits for heavy metals in
seafoods. The Target Hazard Quotients for metals under investigation were also within safe limits for both seasons. The Hazard
Indices of these metals in both seasons were less than one (<1), indicating minimal or no significant health risks. The individual
Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks for Chromium, Cadmium, and Lead ranged from 10-7
to 10-4
, which are considered acceptable.
Therefore, the consumption of shrimps from Great Kwa River is unlikely to pose a significant carcinogenic risk associated with
the examined metals.

Effects of Acute Noise Stress on Cognitive Performance and Lipid Peroxidation in Young Wistar rats

L.J. Hamidu, A. Yakubu, O.M. Ochayi — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Noise has been reported to have deleterious effect; this effect seems to be gender sensitive. This study evaluated the effects of
acute noise on cognitive performance in young females and males Wistar rats. Wistar rats weighing 70 to 120 g were randomly
divided into four groups (n = 6). Group 1(Female experimental), Group 2 (Male experimental), Group 3 (Female control), and
Group 4 (Male control).The experimental groups were exposed to noise 4 hours daily for 14 days consecutively, and their
cognitive abilities tested on day 15.Vital samples; brain and serum were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. The
homogenate was used to evaluate the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), while serum for corticosterone and H and E
stains for cytoarchitectural changes. Mean differences were calculated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) factors;
sex and stress. Discrimination index (DI) decreased in females, compared to males in the experimental groups. The mean values
of corticosterone and MDA increased in females compared to males in the experimental and control groups. Cytoarchitectural
change was not pronounced. Acute noise exposure impaired cognitive functions in both young male and female Wistar rats and
caused elevated levels of MDA, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. These findings suggested noise stress impaired cognition, and
the impact may be more pronounced in female rats compared to males.

Isolation and Sensitivity Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Nonclinical Samples

C.N. Isibor, D.J. Jemikalajah , J.A. Emegha, E. Ezie — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in hospital environment possesses obvious clinical risk to patients with some
obvious consequences. The current study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in nonclinical
samples in central Hospital, Agbor. A total of 25 Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from a total of 110 nonclinical samples
collected intermittently from Sinks traps, Mop heads, bed pans from four (4). The samples were inoculated on MacConkey and
blood agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The isolates were identified by conventional microbiological tests.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 23.8% with a range of 16.2% to 33.2% in the wards examined. The most contaminated area with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sink traps (36.)%), floors (24.0%), mopheads (20.0%) while bedpans accounted for 20.0% of the
isolate sources. the antibacterial susceptibility patterns of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ten (10) antibacterial agents used
showed 84% susceptibility to pefloxacin, 76% to ofloxacin, while ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin recorded 72% susceptibility
respectively. 64% of the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin. The continued contamination of hospital wards with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa highlights the necessity for robust infection control measures, ongoing monitoring and management
of the hospital environment to minimize the risk of healthcare-associated infections