Healthcare seeking and self-medication trends pre- and post-COVID-19: Insights from a tertiary care hospital in Hubli, Karnataka.

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted healthcare-seeking behaviours and self-medication practices worldwide. This study aims to evaluate changes in healthcare-seeking and self-medication trends among individuals visiting the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital, before and during the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 400 adults who visited the outpatient department from January to March 2022. Data were collected using a semi-structured, pre-tested, and validated questionnaire covering socio-demographic details, pre-existing conditions, healthcare-seeking behaviours, and self-medication practices. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 38.9 ± 18.8 years. Before the pandemic, 59% of participants engaged in self-medication. During the pandemic, 66% continued self-medicating, with 35% using medications for COVID-19 symptoms and 49% for prevention. A shift in healthcare facility usage was observed, with 50% opting for government facilities and increased use of teleconsultations. Delays in seeking medical care were more common among older adults and those with pre-existing conditions. The study found significant associations between demographic factors and self-medication practices, with younger individuals more likely to self-medicate for COVID-19 symptoms and older individuals more focused on preventive measures. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to notable changes in healthcare-seeking and self-medication practices, including increased reliance on government facilities and alternative healthcare methods. Delays in care were significantly associated with age and pre-existing conditions. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address self-medication and improve access to healthcare services during public health crises.