Macro- and micronutrient composition of estuarine roundherring (Gilchristella aestuaria) (Pisces: Clupeidae) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a potential dietary source of essential nutrients

Abstract

South Africa lacks research on the nutritional value of inland small fish species available to poor rural communities, despite the potential of such species to mitigate micronutrient deficiencies. Here we provide the first nutrient composition analysis for estuarine roundherring Gilchristella aestuaria, a widespread small fish species that is abundant in many estuarine and freshwater habitats. Protein, fat, calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A content of G. aestuaria from five estuarine and two freshwater habitats were analysed. We found no difference in nutrient content between estuarine and freshwater habitats, and no significant correlation (Spearman’s test) between levels of each nutrient and variation in temperature, turbidity, pH, chlorophyll a, phosphates, nitrates and ammonia. Compared with other small fish species consumed in other countries, G. aestuaria has comparable iron, zinc, calcium, fat and protein, but very low levels of vitamin A. When considering the recommended dietary allowance of infants aged two or more, adult men and women, and pregnant and lactating women, we found that G. aestuaria is an excellent source of all these nutrients, except vitamin A.