Article Sidebar
Published:
Nov 16, 2024Keywords:
Article Details
On acceptance, the copyright of a manuscript will be vested in the journal and publisher. Articles published in Afrimedic journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which allows for unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, for any non-commercial purpose, subject to proper citation of the original work.
References
World Health Organization. World
Health Day 2013: Silent Killer, Global
Public Health Crisis. WHO Campaigns;
Available at
http://www.who.int/campaigns/worldhealth-
day/2013/en/. Assessed on Nov
Uwaezuoke SN, Okoli CV, Ubesie AC,
Ikefuna AN. Primary hypertension
among a population of Nigerian
secondary school adolescents:
Prevalence and correlation with
anthropometric indices: A
cross-sectional study. Nigerian journal
of clinical practice. 2016;19(5):649-54.
Novo S, Lunetta M, Evola S, Novo G.
Role of ARBs in the blood hypertension
therapy and prevention of
cardiovascular events. Curr Drug
Targets 2009; 10:20-5.
World Health Organization/Adolescent
health 2014. Global accelerated action
for the health of adolescents: Guidance
to support country implementation.
Available online at
https://www.who.int/topics/adolescen
t_health/en/. Accessed on 4th
November 2019.
Adolescent health and development.
WHO Regional office for South-East
Asia. Available from:
http://www.searo.who.int/entity/child
_adolescent/topics/adolescent_health/
en/index.html. Date assessed: Dec,
Flynn JT, Falkner BE. Obesity
hypertension in adolescents:
Epidemiology, evaluation, and
management. J Clin Hypertens
(Greenwich) 2011; 13:323-31.
Ladapo TA, Fajolu IB, Adeniyi OF, Ekure
EN, Maduako RO, Jaja TC, Oduwole AO.
Blood pressure to height ratio as a
screening tool for prehypertension and
hypertension in adolescents. Nigerian
journal of clinical practice. 2016 May
;19(3):401.
Kelly RK, Magnussen CG, Sabin MA,
Cheung M, Juonala M. Development of
hypertension in overweight
adolescents: a review. Adolescent
health, medicine and therapeutics.
; 6:171.
Mohammad HF, Patrick L, Gregory AR,
Marie N, Stan B, Laurie M, et al. Global
Burden of Hypertension and Systolic
Blood Pressure of at Least 110 to 115
mmHg, 1990-2015. JAMA
;317(2):165-182.
Rademacher ER, Jacobs DR, Moran A,
Steinberger J, Pineas RJ, Sinaiko RA.
Relation of blood pressure and body
mass index during childhood to
cardiovascular risk factor levels in young
adults. J Hypertens 2009;27(9):66-74.
National High Blood Pressure Education
Program Working Group on High Blood
Pressure in Children and
Adolescents.The fourth report on the
diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of
high blood pressure in children and
adolescents. Pediatrics 2004;114:
-76.
Thompson M, Dana T, Bougatsos C, et
al. Screening for Hypertension in
Children and Adolescents to Prevent
Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic
Review for the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD):
Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality (US); 2013 Feb. (Evidence
Syntheses, No. 99.) 1, INTRODUCTION.
Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK126736/. Date assessed: 27th
November 2019.
Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM,
Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al.
Clinical practice guideline for screening
and management of high blood
pressure in children and adolescents.
AFRIMEDIC JOURNAL ©2024 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2, OCTOBER 2024/ ISSN: 2141-162X
EISSN 2536-6718
Pediatrics. 2017, 140(3): e20171904.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR,
Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr., et al.
The seventh report of the joint national
committee on prevention, detection,
evaluation, and treatment of high blood
pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA
;289: 2560-72.
Ujunwa FA, Ikefuna AN, Nwokocha ARC,
Chinawa JM. Hypertension and
prehypertension among adolescents in
secondary schools in Enugu, South East
Nigeria. Ital J Pediatr. 2013; 39: 70.
Ejike ECC, Ugwu CE, Ezeanyika LUS.
Variations in the prevalence of
point(pre) hypertension in a Nigerian
school-going adolescent population
living in a semi-urban and an urban
area. BMC Pediatr. 2010; 10: 13.
Okoh, BAN, Alikor EAD. Childhood
hypertension and family history of
hypertension in primary school children
in Port Harcourt. Niger J Paed. 2013;
(2): 184-188.
Oduwole AA, Ladapo TA, Fajolu IB,
Ekure EN, Adeniyi OF. Obesity and
elevated blood pressure among
adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: A crosssectional
study. BMC Public Health
;12: 616.
Odetunde OI, Neboh EE, Chinawa JM,
Okafor HU, Odetunde OA, Ezenwosu
OU, Ekwochi U. Elevated arterial blood
pressure and body mass index among
Nigerian preschool children population.
BMC pediatrics. 2014 Dec;14(1):64.
Ibrahim OR, Afolabi JK, Adedoyin OT,
Ojuawo AI. Prevalence and risk factors
for hypertension among school children
in Ilorin, Northcentral Nigeria. Journal of
Family & Community Medicine. 2019
Sep;26(3):181.
Ekore RI, Ajayi IO, Arije A. Case finding
for hypertension in young adult patients
attending a missionary hospital in
Nigeria. African health sciences.
;9(3).
Pasternak RC, Abram J, Greenland P.
Identification of CHD risk: is there a
detection gap? 34th Bethesda
Conference. Task force 1-J Amer Coll
Cardiol 2003;41(11): 1855-917.
Fisher B. Set-valued mappings on metric
spaces. Fundamental mathematicae.
; 112(2):141-5.
Araoye MO. Sample size determination.
Research Methodology with Statistics
for Health and Social Sciences, Ilorin:
Nathadex Publishers, 2004;115–121.
Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS,
Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z,
et al. 2000 CDC Growth charts for the
United States: methods and
development. Vital Health Stat 11
;246(11):1-190.
Ashraf T, Riahi F, A. M. The Relationship
between BMI and depression among
high school girls. Advances in medicine.
p 1–5.
Isezuo SA, Sabir AA, Ohwovorilole AE,
Fasanmade OA. Prevalence, associated
factors and relationship between prehypertension
and hypertension: A study
of two ethnic African populations in
Northern Nigeria. J Hum
Hypertens.2011; 25:224-30.
Ekanem IA, Isuzu MC, Anunobi CC,
Onyomelukwe GC, Anibueze M.
Prevalence of tobacco use among
youths in five centers in Nigeria. A
global youth tobacco survey approach. J
comm. Med. Prim Hth. 2010; 22 (1):62-
World Health Organization.
Cardiovascular diseases. Geneva,
Switzerland: World Health
Organization; 2017 May (cited 2017
Dec. 15).
World Health Organization. The tobacco
atlas. Geneva, Switzerland, World
Health Organization, 2016. DOA: 5th
October, 2019.
World Health Organization.
International guide
AFRIMEDIC JOURNAL ©2024 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2, OCTOBER 2024/ ISSN: 2141-162X
EISSN 2536-6718
for monitoring Alcohol consumption
and related harm. Geneva Switzerland.
World Health Organization, 2013. DOA:
th October, 2019.
Rehm J,Gmel GE, Gmel G, Hasan OSM,
Imtiaz S, Popova S, et al. The
relationship between different
dimensions of alcohol use and the
burden of disease- an update.
Addiction. 2017; 112 (6):986-1001.
Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L,
Elliott P, Cappuccio FP, Meerpohl JJ.
Effect of lower sodium intake on health:
systematic review and meta-analyses.
Bmj. 2013 Apr 4;346: f1326.
IPAQ- International Physical Activity
Questionnaire Karolinska Institute,
(htpp://www.who.int/diet
physical activity/ en/) accessed12,
DOA: 5th October, 2019.
Pelin M, Sert H. Mediterranean diet in
prevention of chronic disease. Int J of
Med Ros and Health Science. 2017, 6(7):
-39.
Amma GM, Vasudevan B,
Akshayakumar S. Prevalence and
determinants of prehypertension and
hypertension among adolescents: a
school based study in a rural area of
Kerala, India. International Journal of
Research in Medical Sciences. 2015
Jan;3(1):58-64.
Christofo DG, Ritti-Dias RM, Fernandes
RA, Polito MD, Andrade SM, Cardoso JR,
et al. High blood pressure detection in
adolescents by clustering overall and
abdominal adiposity markers. Arq Bras
Cardiol 2011;96(6):465-470.
Oyeyemi AY, Usman MA, Oyeyemi AL,
Jaiyeola OA. Casual blood pressure of
adolescents attending public secondary
schools in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Clinical
hypertension. 2015 Dec 1;21(1):16.
Hosseinpoor AR, Williams JS, Amin A, De
Carvalho IA, Beard J, Boerma T, Kowal P,
Naidoo N, Chatterji S. Social
determinants of self-reported health in
women and men: understanding the
role of gender in population health. PloS
one. 2012 Apr 13;7(4): e34799.
Jakovljevic M, Romeu-Gordo L, Vukovic
M, Krstic M. Gender-specific healthseeking
behavior and income status
among the elderly citizens of Serbia.
Eastern European Business and
Economics Journal. 2017;3(1):67-86.
Latunji OO, Akinyemi OO. Factors
influencing health-seeking behaviour
among civil servants in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Annals of Ibadan postgraduate
medicine. 2018;16(1):52-60.
Okagua J, Akani N. Prevalence of
hypertension in school going
adolescents in rural areas of Rivers
State, south-South Nigeria. Nigerian
Health Journal. 2014;14(4):157-64.
Patil RR, Garg BS. Prevalence of
hypertension and variation in blood
pressure among school children in rural
area of Wardha. Indian J Public Health
;58(2):78-83.
Narayanappa D, Rajani HS, Mahenrappa
KB, Ravikumar VG. Prevalence of
prehypertension and hypertension
among urban and rural school going
children. Indian Pediatr 2012;4(9):755-
Obika LF, Adedoyin MA, Olowoyeye JO.
Pattern of paediatric blood pressure in
rural, semi-urban and urban
communities in Ilorin, Nigeria. African
journal of medicine and medical
sciences. 1995 Dec;24(4):371-7.
Owoeye OBA, Olawale OA, Tella BA,
Ajuluchukwu JN, Akinbo SRA.
Prevalence of Hypertension and Prehypertension
in Male Adolescents
Football: A Cross-sectional study of
Nigerian Players. American Journal of
Hypertension Research 2013:1(1):26-
Khan MI, Lala MK, Patil R, Mathur HN,
Chauhan NT. A study of the risk factors
and the prevalence of
AFRIMEDIC JOURNAL ©2024 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2, OCTOBER 2024/ ISSN: 2141-162X
EISSN 2536-6718
hypertension in the adolescent school
boys of Ahmedabad City. J Clin Diagn
Res. 2010 Dec 1;4:3348-54.
Bugaje MA, Yakubu AM, Ogala WN.
Prevalence of Adolescent Hypertension
in Zaria. Nig J. Pediatrics 2005;32(4):77-
Sundar JS, Adaikalam JM, Parameswari
S, Valarmarthi S, Kalpana S, Shantharam
D. Prevalence and determinants of
hypertension among urban school
children in the age group of 13-17 years
in, Chennai, Tamilnadu. Epidemiology.
;3(3):2161-1165.
Silva D, Matos A, Magalhães T, Martins
V, Ricardo L, Almeida H. Prevalence of
hypertension in Portuguese adolescents
in Lisbon, Portugal. Revista Portuguesa
de Cardiologia (English Edition). 2012
Dec 1;31(12):789-94.
Nairan R, Sardana S, Gupta S, Sehgal A.
Age at initiation and prevalence of
tobacco use among school children in
Noida, India; A cross sectional
questionnaire based survey. Indian
Journal of Medical Research
;133(3):300-307.
Odey FA, Okokon IB, Ogbeche JO,
Jombo GT, Ekanem EE. Prevalence of
cigarette smoking among adolescents in
Calabar city, south-eastern Nigeria. J.
Medicine and Med Sci 2012;3(4):237-
Salawu FK, Danburam A, Desalu OO,
Olokoba AB, Agbo J, Midala JK, et al.
Cigarette smoking habits among
adolescents in northern Nigeria. African
J of resp med. 2009;45(3):8-11.
Atilola A, Ayinde O, Adeitan O. Beyond
prevalence and pattern: problematic
extent of alcohol and substance use
among adolescents in Ibadan South-
West Nigeria. Afri Health Sci
;13(3):777-784.
Tsering D, Pal R, Dasgupta A. Substance
use among adolescent high school
students in India: A survey of
knowledge, attitude and opinion.
Journal of Pharmacy and Bio allied
Sciences 2010;2(2):137-140.
Kwara bans sale, consumption of
alcohol Published Mar 13, 2018 at
:00pm available at:
https://punchng.com/kwara-bans-saleconsumption-
of-alcohol/ DOA: 5th
January, 2020.
Youths Welcome Ban of Alcohol in Ilorin
Emirate By Ahmed Sodiq Shola
available at:
https://prnigeria.com/2018/12/10/you
ths-ban-alcohol-ilorin/ DOA: 5th
January, 2020.
Ogah OS, Madukwe OO, Onyeonoro UU,
Chukwuonye II, Ukegbu AU, Akhimien
MO, Okpechi IG. Cardiovascular risk
factors and non-communicable diseases
in Abia state, Nigeria: report of a
community-based survey. International
Journal of Medicine and Biomedical
Research. 2013;2(1):57-68.
Al Ani MF, Al Subhi LK, Bose S.
Consumption of fruits and vegetables
among adolescents: a multi-national
comparison of eleven countries in the
Eastern Mediterranean Region. British
journal of nutrition. 2016
Nov;116(10):1799-806.
Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Fruits and
vegetables consumption and associated
factors among in-school adolescents in
five Southeast Asian countries.
International journal of environmental
research and public health. 2012
Oct;9(10):3575-87.
Basu G, Biswas S, Chatterjee C.
Behavioral risk factors of noncommunicable
diseases: experience
from a village of Hoogly district, West
Bengal. J Dent Med Sci. 2013;4(3):19-
Omuemu VO, Omuemu CE. The
prevalence of overweight and its risk
factors among adolescents in an urban
city in Edo State.
AFRIMEDIC JOURNAL ©2024 VOLUME 10, ISSUE 2, OCTOBER 2024/ ISSN: 2141-162X
EISSN 2536-6718
Nigerian journal of clinical practice.
;13(2).
Oyerinde OO, Oyesegun OO, Oshiname
FO, Ola OO. Knowledge of secondary
school students in Ikenne lga, Ogun
state, Nigeria on physical activity as a
means of health promotion. Oman
Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business
and Management Review. 2013
Jan;34(975):1-5.
Odunaiya NA, Ayodele OA, Oguntibeju
OO. Physical activity levels of senior
secondary school students in Ibadan,
western Nigeria. West indian medical
journal. 2010 Oct;59(5):529-34.
Ojofeitimi EO, Olugbenga-Bello AI,
Adekanle DA, Adeomi AA. Pattern and
determinants of obesity among
adolescent females in private and public
schools in the Olorunda Local
Government Area of Osun State,
Nigeria: a comparative study. Journal of
public health in Africa. 2011 Mar 1;2(1).
Adeniyi AF, Okafor NC, Adeniyi CY.
Depression and physical activity in a
sample of nigerian adolescents: levels,
relationships and predictors. Child and
adolescent psychiatry and mental
health. 2011 Dec 1;5(1):16.
Senbanjo IO, Oshikoya KA. Physical
activity and body mass index of school
children and adolescents in Abeokuta,
Southwest Nigeria. World Journal of
Pediatrics. 2010 Aug 1;6(3):217-22.
Bergmann GG, Bergmann ML, Marques
AC, Hallal PC. Prevalence of physical
inactivity and associated factors among
adolescents from public schools in
Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul State,
Brazil. Cadernos de saude publica.
;29: 2217-29.
Rivera IR, Silva MA, Silva RD, Oliveira BA,
Carvalho AC. Physical inactivity, TVwatching
hours and body composition
in children and adolescents. Arq Bras
Cardiol. 2010 Aug 1;95(2):159-65.
Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory
Committee (PAGAC). Physical Activity
Guidelines Advisory Committee Report.
Washington, DC: US Department of
Health and Human Services; 2008.
https://www.europarc.org/wpcontent/
uploads/2018/03/Physical-
Activity-Guidelines-Advisory-
Committee-Report-2008. DOA: 25th
February, 2020.
Main Article Content
Prevalence And Risk Factors for Hypertension Among Adolescents Attending A Family Medicine Clinic In North Central Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Hypertension poses a
substantial burden on the healthcare
system. Hypertension in adolescents is
becoming one of the most common health
conditions globally.
Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the
prevalence and identify associated factors
with hypertension among adolescents
residing in Ilorin, North central Nigeria in a
bid to provide a theoretical basis for the
prevention and control of hypertension in
this group.
Methodology: The study was a crosssectional
descriptive study among 10-19
years of age attending adolescent clinic of
family medicine department of UITH over a
period of 3 months. A semi-structured
questionnaire was used to obtain
information. Blood pressure was measured
using age-appropriate cuffs. Analysis was
done using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS 20). Descriptive statistics,
bivariate and multivariate logistic regression
analysis was done to determine associated
risk factors.
Results: The overall prevalence of
hypertension was 13.0%. Of the behavioral
risk factors, the prevalence of tobacco use,
harmful alcohol use was 3.2% and 1.3%
respectively, while low consumption of fruits
and vegetables were found among 89.0%
and 98.7% respondents respectively. High
consumption of diet was found in 24.7%,
while 31.2% low physical activity (using
moderate activity) was reported. Risk factors
for development of hypertension were
family history of hypertension (p=0.017,
OR=4.536, CI= 1.195-17.218) and high salt
diet (P<0.001, OR=1.177, CI=1.096-1.264).
Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of
hypertension among the adolescents in this
study. Family history and high salt diet can
be used as reference indicators for the
prevalence of hypertension in this age
group.
Cite this article as: Omowumi R.K, Kuranga I.S, Ayodapo A.O, Ibraheem A.S, Yusuf R.A, Oladimeji L.O. Prevalence and Risk Factors For Hypertension Among Adolescents Attending A Family Medicine Clinic In North Central Nigeria.
Afrimedic Journal 2024; 10(2): 1-15.
