Four decades of HIV/AIDS in Tanzania: A narrative of the dynamics of the anthropological perspectives toward the epidemic

Abstract

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among Tanzanians, especially in the Kagera region, has been widely recognized since 1983 when the first cases of HIV infection were diagnosed. This study employed a qualitative approach and a narrative research design to uncover the socially constructed reality surrounding the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania. By delving into detailed narratives provided by key respondents, the study examined the evolving anthropological perspectives on HIV/AIDS before and after the scientific diagnosis of the epidemic in Tanzania, spanning the period from 1983 to 2023. The study found that, initially, there was a sense of mystery surrounding the origin and nature of the illness, as it seemed to emerge unexpectedly. By then, witchcraft was believed to be the cause of this calamity. However, a significant moment occurred in 1983 when three patients received medical diagnoses at Ndolage Hospital in Muleba District. The diagnosis and awareness campaign represented a pivotal moment in people's perceptions, gradually transitioning from associating HIV/AIDS with witchcraft to understanding the scientific explanation of the epidemic. Nonetheless, stigma towards AIDS patients persisted until the introduction of antiretroviral (ARV) medication in 2004. With the availability of ARVs, trust was restored among HIV/AIDS patients, enabling them to engage in daily activities without encountering stigma or discrimination in their communities. Additionally, ARVs contributed to diminishing the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS. As more individuals gained access to treatment and led healthier lives with HIV, misconceptions and fears surrounding the disease diminished, fostering greater acceptance and support for those living with HIV. The study's findings highlight the significance of culturally tailored interventions that address the disparity between deeply rooted cultural beliefs regarding the origins of illness and scientific explanations. These interventions encompass organizing workshops and community forums that offer culturally sensitive information about the scientific understanding of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, while also acknowledging and respecting traditional beliefs. Therefore, it is crucial that when the association between the epidemic and cultural beliefs, as well as stigma, is evident, awareness campaigns are maintained through community-driven initiatives and continuous educational efforts.