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Sponsoring Organizations

The Tanzania's National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) publishes the Tanzanian Journal of Health Research

Publication Scheduling

Published quarterly in January, April, July and October

General

The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb. It is published four times yearly (January, April, July, and October) by the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania.

TJHR publishes articles from various disciplines, including primary and biomedical sciences, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, clinical sciences, health economics and health policy, operations research and implementation sciences, and social sciences and humanities. It aims to advance health sciences by publishing high-quality research and review articles communicating new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. 

TJHR accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared following the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press. The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at http://www.icmje.org/index.html. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals, whether regarding the text, tables or figures, is prohibited in their totality or part.

TJHR encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged.

Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration following the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

Manuscripts must be submitted online using the following URL: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login

For further information, don't hesitate to contact us at tjhr@nimr.or.tz.

 

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Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) aims to facilitate the advance of health sciences by publishing high quality research and review articles that communicate new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. TJHR is a peer reviewed journal and is open to contributions from both the national and the international communities.

 

TJHR is published quarterly in January, April, July and October as an organ of the Tanzania Health Research User’s Trust Fund

 

Other websites associated with this journal: http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th

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The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.

TJHR does not set explicit limits on the length of papers submitted but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES

  1. Original research articles: Research articles that make a substantial, original contribution to research, practice or policy in any biomedical, socio-behavioural, structural or health research areas. Research articles are contributions that have the purpose of publication of original unpublished research which may be reproduced and generalised. They should be between 3000 and 6000 words, excluding tables, figures and references. The original research article should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.
  2. Short communications: Short communications are intended to provide preliminary research results or unpublished hypotheses of public health relevance. Short communications may contain an abstract and can be organized either along the lines of a regular manuscript or without subdivisions. The accompanying abstract should not exceed 200 words. Authors may also consider combining the results and discussion sections. They should be up to 2500 words and include a table or figure, preferably not more than five references.
  3. Letters to the Editor: These include letters which seek to discuss recent articles published in TJHR or report on original research or significant findings. They should not exceed 600 words and 5 references.
  4. Reviews: TJHR welcomes review papers relating to biomedical and health research themes. The review should emphasize the implication of reviewed literature for future practical application and policy implications. A review paper should not exceed 6000 words.
  5. Clinical studies: TJHR supports the registration of trials as an important initiative to improve the reporting of clinical studies. Trial registers that currently meet all of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Health Organization requirements can be found at http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf
  6. Case reports: TJHR accepts highly informative cases illustrated with a single table or up to two images [figure may have x 2 illustrations labelled (a) and (b)]. Articles submitted as case reports should be no more than 1500 words and a maximum of six references

Preparing a manuscript: Manuscripts for publication in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at http://www.icmje.org/index.html. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals whether in regards to the text, tables or figures, whether in their totality or part, is prohibited. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion as described in detail below:

  1. Title: It should be short; omit phrases such as “Investigation on…’ “Preliminary report of …’; numbered series articles followed by a subtitle are not allowed. Taxonomic affiliation and authority should be given in the abstract, or the keywords, but not in the Title. Full addresses should appear under the names of the author(s); in addition, the title page should contain the name and address of the person to whom the proofs should be sent. If the author’s address has changed, his full present address should also appear on the title page. A short list of terms suitable for indexing should be included.
  2. Abstract: A summary of your research paper.
  3. Introduction: It should be short, defining the problem studied, stating its importance and highlighting the present gaps in knowledge. The introduction serves multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an overview of the paper, should also cite what is already known about the study. The number of citations should be limited.
  4. Materials and methods: All information must be given so that it is quite clear how the experiments were done: any interested colleague should be able to verify the experiments from this information. However, details about already commonly used methods and materials must be omitted. Information about the origin of the source materials is necessary.
  5. Results: This section should be limited to the description of the findings achieved with no inclusion of interpretation. The results are usually presented in tables and figures, and the text must provide a clear explanation of this information. Tables and figures should be limited to a total of 5 and it is recommended that they include only essential data. Tables and figures should only be used for substantial amounts of data, otherwise, the information should be inserted in the text. Avoid repeating data from tables and figures in the text as much as possible. Numerals are always used with abbreviated units (e.g. 3 mm2, not three mm2). In all other cases, whole numbers above 10, fractions and decimals should be expressed as numerals, and whole numbers between 1 and 10 are to be spelt out in full. All units are to conform to the standards of the International System (S.I).
  6. Discussion: It should include the limitation of the study, a comparison with the available literature, the interpretation of the authors, concluding. The findings should be discussed about what is already known, and indications of the course for further research may be provided. Scientific as well as policy implications of the major findings may be mentioned. Within space limitations, the author has some freedom to express his own opinion, even if editors or referees differ from him.
  7. References:
    1. For citations in the text: use name and year system; e.g. (Magesa, 1998); for two authors, use the ampersand (&); e.g. (Ijumba & Kitua, 2004); for more than two authors, use et al., g. (Lusingu et al., 2004). If referring to personal communication use initials e.g. (B.K. Mayala, per comm.). For unpublished results, use unpubl., e.g. (M. Urassa, unpubl). The latter two categories, however, cannot be put on the reference list.
    2. For citations in the reference section: list each reference alphabetically on the first author’s last name; if a single author has more than one contribution, list each chronologically; in cases of more than one author, list each reference alphabetically on 2nd, the 3rd, etc. author’s names.  Publications in preparation or submitted can only appear in the reference list if they have been accepted for publication, mentioning the year of publication and volume of the journal with the reference note ‘in press’ added. Journal titles should be given in full.
    3. Include a list of all references cited at the end of the article, in the order in which they were mentioned in the text. References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in superscript.

Submission of the Manuscript:

  1. Please submit your paper through our online submission using the following URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login. After creating an account, the online system will ask you to enter information about your paper, such as the title, abstract, and author names. Then you will be instructed to upload your title page, paper, and any accompanying figures, tables, photos, and supplementary materials.
  2. Please upload the main paper with references as either a Microsoft Word document (DOC, DOCX) or in rich text format (RTF).  It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure the good quality of tables, figures, tables and any other images in the published article.
  3. The resolution of photos should be approximately 300 dpi (dots per inch), and line or halftone figures and illustrations should be approximately 600 dpi. If you submit photographs with identifiable people you must also submit a form to grant permission to TJHR to use those images before final publication.

Conflict of Interest: All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. The online submission system will ask you, however, to declare any competing interests for all authors, based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”

Submission fee: TJHR does not charge any fees to authors to submit or publish articles in our journal.

 Contact: For further information, please contact the editors at tjhr@nimr.or.tz

 

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Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal before submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5-step process.

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Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the Tanzania Journal of Health Research.

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Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) was established 1997 as Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. It is a peer-reviewed journal open to national and international community contributions. By adopting an Open Access policy, the Journal enables the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research findings. The National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania publishes it four times yearly (January, April, July, and October).

TJHR publishes original articles that cover issues related to epidemiology and public health. These include, but are not limited to, social determinants of health, the structural, biomedical, environmental, behavioural, and occupational correlates of health and diseases, and the impact of health policies, practices, and interventions on the community.

It accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, TJHR refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.

TJHR is committed to information sharing and transparency with a mission of promoting the Essential National Health Research Initiative in Tanzania and particular demand-driven health research. The journal targets readers interested in health research issues, non-specialist scientists, policy and decision-makers, and the general public. TJHR receives articles on various areas. Among these are Global health and human rights, environmental health, public health informatics, chronic disease epidemiology, social determinants of health, dental public health, digital health, occupational health, mental health, epidemiology, maternal and child health, health policies, systems and management, biostatistics and methods, health economics and outcomes research, health behaviour, health promotion and communication.

TJHR does not limit the length of papers submitted explicitly but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

Peer-reviewers Policy

Once manuscripts have been submitted to the TJHR, they undergo internal screening by the journal editorial team. Manuscripts meeting submission criteria and standards are thereafter assigned to three peer reviewers who are given a maximum of three weeks to undertake the review and submit reviewers’ comments.

Authors are henceforth allocated a maximum of fourteen days to respond to reviewers' comments. However, Such an allocated time may be extended upon substantive request from the authors. This turnaround time can be extended upon request from reviewers/authors. The Editor-in-Chief reviews the author's responses to ensure that the author has adequately responded to all comments raised by peer reviewers. Reviewers are then informed of the status of the manuscripts they have reviewed.

Special issues

All articles submitted are peer-reviewed in line with the journal’s standard peer-review policy and are subject to all of the journal’s standard editorial and publishing policies. This includes the journal’s policy on competing interests. The Editors declare no competing interests with the submissions they have handled through the peer review.

Editorial Policies: All manuscripts submitted to the Tanzania Journal of Health Research should adhere to the TJHR format and guidelines

Appeals and complaints: Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should contact the Editor-In-Chief using the corresponding email address and not otherwise.

Conflict of Interest: All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. However, the online submission system will ask you to declare any competing interests for all authors based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”

Benefits of publishing with TJHR: TJHR's open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a broad community. 

For further information about publishing in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research, don't hesitate to contact us at tjhr@nimr.or.tz.

 

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Dr William N. Kisinza,
The National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre,
P. O. Box 81 MUHEZA, Tanzania
Tel. (General line): +255 272977611, Tel. (Direct line): +255 27 2977612
Fax # : +255 272977610, E-mail: william.kisinza@nimr.or.tz, wnkisinza@gmail.com

MANAGING EDITOR

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,
National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam.  Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400
Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: prince.mutalemwa@nimr.or.tz

DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR

Dr Ruby D Mcharo
National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam.  Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400
Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: rmcharo@nimr-mmrc.org

JOURNAL ADMINISTRATION

Dr William N. Kisinza, Editor-In-Chief

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa, Managing Editor

Dr Ruby Mcharo, Deputy Managing Editor

Prof Said Aboud, Editorial Board Chair

Dr Mary Mayige, Editorial Director

 

JOURNAL MANAGEMENT

Dr William N. Kisinza, Editor-In-Chief

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa, Managing Editor

Dr Ruby Mcharo, Deputy Managing Editor

Dr Mbazi Senkoro, Associate Editor

Dr Alphaxard Manjurano, Associate Editor

Dr Sokoine Kivuyo, Associate Editor

Prof Said Aboud, Editorial Board Chair

Dr Mary Mayige, Editorial Director

 

Editorial Board

Said S Aboud, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Daudi Simba, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam

Werner Maokola, Ministry of Health, Dodoma

Blandina Mmbaga, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi

Mary T Mayige, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Gerry Mshana, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza

Joseph Otieno, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam

Stella Mpagama, Kobong'oto Infectious Disease Hospital, Moshi

Robinson Mdegela, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Mororogo

Suzan Rumisha. National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Marceline Finda, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORS
Andrew Y. Kitua
, Morogoro, Tanzania
James K. Tumwine, Kampala, Uganda
Mark Rowland, London, United Kingdom
Peter de Vries, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Eligius F. Lyamuya, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Adamson S. Muula, Blantyre, Malawi
Ude F. Ezepue, Lagos, Nigeria
Edwin Michael, Notre Darme, USA
Paul E. Simonsen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Janusz Paweska, South Africa
Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Nairobi, Kenya

 

Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData:

We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.

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A. Duties of Reviewers

B. Questions to guide the reviewer in assessment of the paper:

Please provide examples and evidence for responses, do not simply answer yes or no.
  1. Topic and content:

    1. Is the topic relevant for the journal?
    2. Is the content important to the field?
    3. Is the work original? (If not, please give references)
  2. Title:

    Does the title reflect the contents of the article?
  3. Abstract:

    To what extent does the abstract reflect aspects of the study: background, objectives, methods, results and conclusions?
  4. Introduction / Background:

    Is the study rationale adequately described?
  5. Objectives:

    Are the study objectives clearly stated and defined?
  6. Methodology:

    1. To what extent is the study design appropriate and adequate for the objectives?
    2. Is the sample size appropriate and adequately justified?
    3. Is the sampling technique appropriate and adequately described?
    4. How well are the methods and instruments of data collection described?
    5. How well are techniques to minimize bias/errors documented?
  7. Ethical Consideration:

    If there are issues related to ethics, are they adequately described? (For human studies, has ethical approval been obtained?)
  8. Analysis and results:

    1. Are the methods adequately described?
    2. Are the methods of data analysis appropriate?
    3. Do the results answer the research question?
    4. Are the results credible?
    5. Is statistical significance well documented (e.g. as confidence intervals or P-value)?
    6. Are the findings presented logically with appropriate displays and explanations?
  9. Discussion:

    1. How well are the key findings stated?
    2. To what extent have differences or similarities with other studies been discussed and reasons for these given?
    3. Are the findings discussed in the light of previous evidence?
    4. Are the implications of these findings clearly explained?
    5. Is the interpretation warranted by and sufficiently derived from and focused on the data and results?
  10. Conclusion(s):

    Do the results justify the conclusion(s)?
  11. References:

    1. Are the references appropriate and relevant?
    2. Are they up to date?
    3. Are there any obvious, important references that should have been included and have not been?
    4. Do the references follow the recommended style?
    5. Are there any errors?
  12. Writing:

    1. Is the paper clearly written?
    2. Is the paper presented logically (e.g. correct information in each section, logical flow of arguments)?
    3. Are there problems with the grammar / spelling / punctuation / language?
This document was compiled using the following resources all accessed 15 March 2010:
Invalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania
Institutions: US$ 60 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 45 per volume (3 issues)

Other Developing Countries
Institutions: US$ 105 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 90 per volume (3 issues)

Developed Countries
Institutions: US$ 282 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 240 per volume (3 issues)Invalid data type in setData: support@ajol.infoInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:

The names and email addresses entered here will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of AJOL. We take your privacy seriously and we protect your personal information, which will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party without your permission, or unless legal obligation compels us to do so.

Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania J Hlth ResInvalid data type in setData:

Sponsoring Organizations

The Tanzania's National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) publishes the Tanzanian Journal of Health Research

Publication Scheduling

Published quarterly in January, April, July and October

General

The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb. It is published four times yearly (January, April, July, and October) by the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania.

TJHR publishes articles from various disciplines, including primary and biomedical sciences, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, clinical sciences, health economics and health policy, operations research and implementation sciences, and social sciences and humanities. It aims to advance health sciences by publishing high-quality research and review articles communicating new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. 

TJHR accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared following the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press. The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at http://www.icmje.org/index.html. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals, whether regarding the text, tables or figures, is prohibited in their totality or part.

TJHR encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged.

Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration following the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

Manuscripts must be submitted online using the following URL: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login

For further information, don't hesitate to contact us at tjhr@nimr.or.tz.

 

Invalid data type in setData: tjhrInvalid data type in setData:

Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) aims to facilitate the advance of health sciences by publishing high quality research and review articles that communicate new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. TJHR is a peer reviewed journal and is open to contributions from both the national and the international communities.

 

TJHR is published quarterly in January, April, July and October as an organ of the Tanzania Health Research User’s Trust Fund

 

Other websites associated with this journal: http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th

Invalid data type in setData:

The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.

TJHR does not set explicit limits on the length of papers submitted but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES

  1. Original research articles: Research articles that make a substantial, original contribution to research, practice or policy in any biomedical, socio-behavioural, structural or health research areas. Research articles are contributions that have the purpose of publication of original unpublished research which may be reproduced and generalised. They should be between 3000 and 6000 words, excluding tables, figures and references. The original research article should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.
  2. Short communications: Short communications are intended to provide preliminary research results or unpublished hypotheses of public health relevance. Short communications may contain an abstract and can be organized either along the lines of a regular manuscript or without subdivisions. The accompanying abstract should not exceed 200 words. Authors may also consider combining the results and discussion sections. They should be up to 2500 words and include a table or figure, preferably not more than five references.
  3. Letters to the Editor: These include letters which seek to discuss recent articles published in TJHR or report on original research or significant findings. They should not exceed 600 words and 5 references.
  4. Reviews: TJHR welcomes review papers relating to biomedical and health research themes. The review should emphasize the implication of reviewed literature for future practical application and policy implications. A review paper should not exceed 6000 words.
  5. Clinical studies: TJHR supports the registration of trials as an important initiative to improve the reporting of clinical studies. Trial registers that currently meet all of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Health Organization requirements can be found at http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf
  6. Case reports: TJHR accepts highly informative cases illustrated with a single table or up to two images [figure may have x 2 illustrations labelled (a) and (b)]. Articles submitted as case reports should be no more than 1500 words and a maximum of six references

Preparing a manuscript: Manuscripts for publication in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at http://www.icmje.org/index.html. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals whether in regards to the text, tables or figures, whether in their totality or part, is prohibited. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion as described in detail below:

  1. Title: It should be short; omit phrases such as “Investigation on…’ “Preliminary report of …’; numbered series articles followed by a subtitle are not allowed. Taxonomic affiliation and authority should be given in the abstract, or the keywords, but not in the Title. Full addresses should appear under the names of the author(s); in addition, the title page should contain the name and address of the person to whom the proofs should be sent. If the author’s address has changed, his full present address should also appear on the title page. A short list of terms suitable for indexing should be included.
  2. Abstract: A summary of your research paper.
  3. Introduction: It should be short, defining the problem studied, stating its importance and highlighting the present gaps in knowledge. The introduction serves multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an overview of the paper, should also cite what is already known about the study. The number of citations should be limited.
  4. Materials and methods: All information must be given so that it is quite clear how the experiments were done: any interested colleague should be able to verify the experiments from this information. However, details about already commonly used methods and materials must be omitted. Information about the origin of the source materials is necessary.
  5. Results: This section should be limited to the description of the findings achieved with no inclusion of interpretation. The results are usually presented in tables and figures, and the text must provide a clear explanation of this information. Tables and figures should be limited to a total of 5 and it is recommended that they include only essential data. Tables and figures should only be used for substantial amounts of data, otherwise, the information should be inserted in the text. Avoid repeating data from tables and figures in the text as much as possible. Numerals are always used with abbreviated units (e.g. 3 mm2, not three mm2). In all other cases, whole numbers above 10, fractions and decimals should be expressed as numerals, and whole numbers between 1 and 10 are to be spelt out in full. All units are to conform to the standards of the International System (S.I).
  6. Discussion: It should include the limitation of the study, a comparison with the available literature, the interpretation of the authors, concluding. The findings should be discussed about what is already known, and indications of the course for further research may be provided. Scientific as well as policy implications of the major findings may be mentioned. Within space limitations, the author has some freedom to express his own opinion, even if editors or referees differ from him.
  7. References:
    1. For citations in the text: use name and year system; e.g. (Magesa, 1998); for two authors, use the ampersand (&); e.g. (Ijumba & Kitua, 2004); for more than two authors, use et al., g. (Lusingu et al., 2004). If referring to personal communication use initials e.g. (B.K. Mayala, per comm.). For unpublished results, use unpubl., e.g. (M. Urassa, unpubl). The latter two categories, however, cannot be put on the reference list.
    2. For citations in the reference section: list each reference alphabetically on the first author’s last name; if a single author has more than one contribution, list each chronologically; in cases of more than one author, list each reference alphabetically on 2nd, the 3rd, etc. author’s names.  Publications in preparation or submitted can only appear in the reference list if they have been accepted for publication, mentioning the year of publication and volume of the journal with the reference note ‘in press’ added. Journal titles should be given in full.
    3. Include a list of all references cited at the end of the article, in the order in which they were mentioned in the text. References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in superscript.

Submission of the Manuscript:

  1. Please submit your paper through our online submission using the following URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login. After creating an account, the online system will ask you to enter information about your paper, such as the title, abstract, and author names. Then you will be instructed to upload your title page, paper, and any accompanying figures, tables, photos, and supplementary materials.
  2. Please upload the main paper with references as either a Microsoft Word document (DOC, DOCX) or in rich text format (RTF).  It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure the good quality of tables, figures, tables and any other images in the published article.
  3. The resolution of photos should be approximately 300 dpi (dots per inch), and line or halftone figures and illustrations should be approximately 600 dpi. If you submit photographs with identifiable people you must also submit a form to grant permission to TJHR to use those images before final publication.

Conflict of Interest: All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. The online submission system will ask you, however, to declare any competing interests for all authors, based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”

Submission fee: TJHR does not charge any fees to authors to submit or publish articles in our journal.

 Contact: For further information, please contact the editors at tjhr@nimr.or.tz

 

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Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal before submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5-step process.

Invalid data type in setData: National Institute for Medical ResearchInvalid data type in setData:

Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the Tanzania Journal of Health Research.

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Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) was established 1997 as Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. It is a peer-reviewed journal open to national and international community contributions. By adopting an Open Access policy, the Journal enables the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research findings. The National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania publishes it four times yearly (January, April, July, and October).

TJHR publishes original articles that cover issues related to epidemiology and public health. These include, but are not limited to, social determinants of health, the structural, biomedical, environmental, behavioural, and occupational correlates of health and diseases, and the impact of health policies, practices, and interventions on the community.

It accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, TJHR refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.

TJHR is committed to information sharing and transparency with a mission of promoting the Essential National Health Research Initiative in Tanzania and particular demand-driven health research. The journal targets readers interested in health research issues, non-specialist scientists, policy and decision-makers, and the general public. TJHR receives articles on various areas. Among these are Global health and human rights, environmental health, public health informatics, chronic disease epidemiology, social determinants of health, dental public health, digital health, occupational health, mental health, epidemiology, maternal and child health, health policies, systems and management, biostatistics and methods, health economics and outcomes research, health behaviour, health promotion and communication.

TJHR does not limit the length of papers submitted explicitly but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

Peer-reviewers Policy

Once manuscripts have been submitted to the TJHR, they undergo internal screening by the journal editorial team. Manuscripts meeting submission criteria and standards are thereafter assigned to three peer reviewers who are given a maximum of three weeks to undertake the review and submit reviewers’ comments.

Authors are henceforth allocated a maximum of fourteen days to respond to reviewers' comments. However, Such an allocated time may be extended upon substantive request from the authors. This turnaround time can be extended upon request from reviewers/authors. The Editor-in-Chief reviews the author's responses to ensure that the author has adequately responded to all comments raised by peer reviewers. Reviewers are then informed of the status of the manuscripts they have reviewed.

Special issues

All articles submitted are peer-reviewed in line with the journal’s standard peer-review policy and are subject to all of the journal’s standard editorial and publishing policies. This includes the journal’s policy on competing interests. The Editors declare no competing interests with the submissions they have handled through the peer review.

Editorial Policies: All manuscripts submitted to the Tanzania Journal of Health Research should adhere to the TJHR format and guidelines

Appeals and complaints: Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should contact the Editor-In-Chief using the corresponding email address and not otherwise.

Conflict of Interest: All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. However, the online submission system will ask you to declare any competing interests for all authors based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”

Benefits of publishing with TJHR: TJHR's open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a broad community. 

For further information about publishing in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research, don't hesitate to contact us at tjhr@nimr.or.tz.

 

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Dr William N. Kisinza,
The National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre,
P. O. Box 81 MUHEZA, Tanzania
Tel. (General line): +255 272977611, Tel. (Direct line): +255 27 2977612
Fax # : +255 272977610, E-mail: william.kisinza@nimr.or.tz, wnkisinza@gmail.com

MANAGING EDITOR

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,
National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam.  Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400
Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: prince.mutalemwa@nimr.or.tz

DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR

Dr Ruby D Mcharo
National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam.  Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400
Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: rmcharo@nimr-mmrc.org

JOURNAL ADMINISTRATION

Dr William N. Kisinza, Editor-In-Chief

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa, Managing Editor

Dr Ruby Mcharo, Deputy Managing Editor

Prof Said Aboud, Editorial Board Chair

Dr Mary Mayige, Editorial Director

 

JOURNAL MANAGEMENT

Dr William N. Kisinza, Editor-In-Chief

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa, Managing Editor

Dr Ruby Mcharo, Deputy Managing Editor

Dr Mbazi Senkoro, Associate Editor

Dr Alphaxard Manjurano, Associate Editor

Dr Sokoine Kivuyo, Associate Editor

Prof Said Aboud, Editorial Board Chair

Dr Mary Mayige, Editorial Director

 

Editorial Board

Said S Aboud, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Daudi Simba, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam

Werner Maokola, Ministry of Health, Dodoma

Blandina Mmbaga, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi

Mary T Mayige, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Gerry Mshana, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza

Joseph Otieno, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam

Stella Mpagama, Kobong'oto Infectious Disease Hospital, Moshi

Robinson Mdegela, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Mororogo

Suzan Rumisha. National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Marceline Finda, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORS
Andrew Y. Kitua
, Morogoro, Tanzania
James K. Tumwine, Kampala, Uganda
Mark Rowland, London, United Kingdom
Peter de Vries, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Eligius F. Lyamuya, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Adamson S. Muula, Blantyre, Malawi
Ude F. Ezepue, Lagos, Nigeria
Edwin Michael, Notre Darme, USA
Paul E. Simonsen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Janusz Paweska, South Africa
Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Nairobi, Kenya

 

Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData:

We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.

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A. Duties of Reviewers

B. Questions to guide the reviewer in assessment of the paper:

Please provide examples and evidence for responses, do not simply answer yes or no.
  1. Topic and content:

    1. Is the topic relevant for the journal?
    2. Is the content important to the field?
    3. Is the work original? (If not, please give references)
  2. Title:

    Does the title reflect the contents of the article?
  3. Abstract:

    To what extent does the abstract reflect aspects of the study: background, objectives, methods, results and conclusions?
  4. Introduction / Background:

    Is the study rationale adequately described?
  5. Objectives:

    Are the study objectives clearly stated and defined?
  6. Methodology:

    1. To what extent is the study design appropriate and adequate for the objectives?
    2. Is the sample size appropriate and adequately justified?
    3. Is the sampling technique appropriate and adequately described?
    4. How well are the methods and instruments of data collection described?
    5. How well are techniques to minimize bias/errors documented?
  7. Ethical Consideration:

    If there are issues related to ethics, are they adequately described? (For human studies, has ethical approval been obtained?)
  8. Analysis and results:

    1. Are the methods adequately described?
    2. Are the methods of data analysis appropriate?
    3. Do the results answer the research question?
    4. Are the results credible?
    5. Is statistical significance well documented (e.g. as confidence intervals or P-value)?
    6. Are the findings presented logically with appropriate displays and explanations?
  9. Discussion:

    1. How well are the key findings stated?
    2. To what extent have differences or similarities with other studies been discussed and reasons for these given?
    3. Are the findings discussed in the light of previous evidence?
    4. Are the implications of these findings clearly explained?
    5. Is the interpretation warranted by and sufficiently derived from and focused on the data and results?
  10. Conclusion(s):

    Do the results justify the conclusion(s)?
  11. References:

    1. Are the references appropriate and relevant?
    2. Are they up to date?
    3. Are there any obvious, important references that should have been included and have not been?
    4. Do the references follow the recommended style?
    5. Are there any errors?
  12. Writing:

    1. Is the paper clearly written?
    2. Is the paper presented logically (e.g. correct information in each section, logical flow of arguments)?
    3. Are there problems with the grammar / spelling / punctuation / language?
This document was compiled using the following resources all accessed 15 March 2010:
Invalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania
Institutions: US$ 60 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 45 per volume (3 issues)

Other Developing Countries
Institutions: US$ 105 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 90 per volume (3 issues)

Developed Countries
Institutions: US$ 282 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 240 per volume (3 issues)Invalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData:

Welcome to African Journals Online (AJOL)!

Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change & under-development.

AJOL, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global & continental online access, awareness, quality & use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.

Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:

info@ajol.info

CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes inter alia all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright)

African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08

Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania J Hlth ResInvalid data type in setData:

Sponsoring Organizations

The Tanzania's National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) publishes the Tanzanian Journal of Health Research

Publication Scheduling

Published quarterly in January, April, July and October

General

The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb. It is published four times yearly (January, April, July, and October) by the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania.

TJHR publishes articles from various disciplines, including primary and biomedical sciences, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, clinical sciences, health economics and health policy, operations research and implementation sciences, and social sciences and humanities. It aims to advance health sciences by publishing high-quality research and review articles communicating new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. 

TJHR accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared following the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press. The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at http://www.icmje.org/index.html. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals, whether regarding the text, tables or figures, is prohibited in their totality or part.

TJHR encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged.

Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration following the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

Manuscripts must be submitted online using the following URL: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login

For further information, don't hesitate to contact us at tjhr@nimr.or.tz.

 

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Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) aims to facilitate the advance of health sciences by publishing high quality research and review articles that communicate new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. TJHR is a peer reviewed journal and is open to contributions from both the national and the international communities.

 

TJHR is published quarterly in January, April, July and October as an organ of the Tanzania Health Research User’s Trust Fund

 

Other websites associated with this journal: http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th

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The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.

TJHR does not set explicit limits on the length of papers submitted but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES

  1. Original research articles: Research articles that make a substantial, original contribution to research, practice or policy in any biomedical, socio-behavioural, structural or health research areas. Research articles are contributions that have the purpose of publication of original unpublished research which may be reproduced and generalised. They should be between 3000 and 6000 words, excluding tables, figures and references. The original research article should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.
  2. Short communications: Short communications are intended to provide preliminary research results or unpublished hypotheses of public health relevance. Short communications may contain an abstract and can be organized either along the lines of a regular manuscript or without subdivisions. The accompanying abstract should not exceed 200 words. Authors may also consider combining the results and discussion sections. They should be up to 2500 words and include a table or figure, preferably not more than five references.
  3. Letters to the Editor: These include letters which seek to discuss recent articles published in TJHR or report on original research or significant findings. They should not exceed 600 words and 5 references.
  4. Reviews: TJHR welcomes review papers relating to biomedical and health research themes. The review should emphasize the implication of reviewed literature for future practical application and policy implications. A review paper should not exceed 6000 words.
  5. Clinical studies: TJHR supports the registration of trials as an important initiative to improve the reporting of clinical studies. Trial registers that currently meet all of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Health Organization requirements can be found at http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf
  6. Case reports: TJHR accepts highly informative cases illustrated with a single table or up to two images [figure may have x 2 illustrations labelled (a) and (b)]. Articles submitted as case reports should be no more than 1500 words and a maximum of six references

Preparing a manuscript: Manuscripts for publication in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at http://www.icmje.org/index.html. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals whether in regards to the text, tables or figures, whether in their totality or part, is prohibited. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion as described in detail below:

  1. Title: It should be short; omit phrases such as “Investigation on…’ “Preliminary report of …’; numbered series articles followed by a subtitle are not allowed. Taxonomic affiliation and authority should be given in the abstract, or the keywords, but not in the Title. Full addresses should appear under the names of the author(s); in addition, the title page should contain the name and address of the person to whom the proofs should be sent. If the author’s address has changed, his full present address should also appear on the title page. A short list of terms suitable for indexing should be included.
  2. Abstract: A summary of your research paper.
  3. Introduction: It should be short, defining the problem studied, stating its importance and highlighting the present gaps in knowledge. The introduction serves multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an overview of the paper, should also cite what is already known about the study. The number of citations should be limited.
  4. Materials and methods: All information must be given so that it is quite clear how the experiments were done: any interested colleague should be able to verify the experiments from this information. However, details about already commonly used methods and materials must be omitted. Information about the origin of the source materials is necessary.
  5. Results: This section should be limited to the description of the findings achieved with no inclusion of interpretation. The results are usually presented in tables and figures, and the text must provide a clear explanation of this information. Tables and figures should be limited to a total of 5 and it is recommended that they include only essential data. Tables and figures should only be used for substantial amounts of data, otherwise, the information should be inserted in the text. Avoid repeating data from tables and figures in the text as much as possible. Numerals are always used with abbreviated units (e.g. 3 mm2, not three mm2). In all other cases, whole numbers above 10, fractions and decimals should be expressed as numerals, and whole numbers between 1 and 10 are to be spelt out in full. All units are to conform to the standards of the International System (S.I).
  6. Discussion: It should include the limitation of the study, a comparison with the available literature, the interpretation of the authors, concluding. The findings should be discussed about what is already known, and indications of the course for further research may be provided. Scientific as well as policy implications of the major findings may be mentioned. Within space limitations, the author has some freedom to express his own opinion, even if editors or referees differ from him.
  7. References:
    1. For citations in the text: use name and year system; e.g. (Magesa, 1998); for two authors, use the ampersand (&); e.g. (Ijumba & Kitua, 2004); for more than two authors, use et al., g. (Lusingu et al., 2004). If referring to personal communication use initials e.g. (B.K. Mayala, per comm.). For unpublished results, use unpubl., e.g. (M. Urassa, unpubl). The latter two categories, however, cannot be put on the reference list.
    2. For citations in the reference section: list each reference alphabetically on the first author’s last name; if a single author has more than one contribution, list each chronologically; in cases of more than one author, list each reference alphabetically on 2nd, the 3rd, etc. author’s names.  Publications in preparation or submitted can only appear in the reference list if they have been accepted for publication, mentioning the year of publication and volume of the journal with the reference note ‘in press’ added. Journal titles should be given in full.
    3. Include a list of all references cited at the end of the article, in the order in which they were mentioned in the text. References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in superscript.

Submission of the Manuscript:

  1. Please submit your paper through our online submission using the following URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login. After creating an account, the online system will ask you to enter information about your paper, such as the title, abstract, and author names. Then you will be instructed to upload your title page, paper, and any accompanying figures, tables, photos, and supplementary materials.
  2. Please upload the main paper with references as either a Microsoft Word document (DOC, DOCX) or in rich text format (RTF).  It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure the good quality of tables, figures, tables and any other images in the published article.
  3. The resolution of photos should be approximately 300 dpi (dots per inch), and line or halftone figures and illustrations should be approximately 600 dpi. If you submit photographs with identifiable people you must also submit a form to grant permission to TJHR to use those images before final publication.

Conflict of Interest: All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. The online submission system will ask you, however, to declare any competing interests for all authors, based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”

Submission fee: TJHR does not charge any fees to authors to submit or publish articles in our journal.

 Contact: For further information, please contact the editors at tjhr@nimr.or.tz

 

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Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal before submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5-step process.

Invalid data type in setData: National Institute for Medical ResearchInvalid data type in setData:

Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the Tanzania Journal of Health Research.

Invalid data type in setData:

Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) was established 1997 as Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. It is a peer-reviewed journal open to national and international community contributions. By adopting an Open Access policy, the Journal enables the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research findings. The National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania publishes it four times yearly (January, April, July, and October).

TJHR publishes original articles that cover issues related to epidemiology and public health. These include, but are not limited to, social determinants of health, the structural, biomedical, environmental, behavioural, and occupational correlates of health and diseases, and the impact of health policies, practices, and interventions on the community.

It accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, TJHR refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.

TJHR is committed to information sharing and transparency with a mission of promoting the Essential National Health Research Initiative in Tanzania and particular demand-driven health research. The journal targets readers interested in health research issues, non-specialist scientists, policy and decision-makers, and the general public. TJHR receives articles on various areas. Among these are Global health and human rights, environmental health, public health informatics, chronic disease epidemiology, social determinants of health, dental public health, digital health, occupational health, mental health, epidemiology, maternal and child health, health policies, systems and management, biostatistics and methods, health economics and outcomes research, health behaviour, health promotion and communication.

TJHR does not limit the length of papers submitted explicitly but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.

Peer-reviewers Policy

Once manuscripts have been submitted to the TJHR, they undergo internal screening by the journal editorial team. Manuscripts meeting submission criteria and standards are thereafter assigned to three peer reviewers who are given a maximum of three weeks to undertake the review and submit reviewers’ comments.

Authors are henceforth allocated a maximum of fourteen days to respond to reviewers' comments. However, Such an allocated time may be extended upon substantive request from the authors. This turnaround time can be extended upon request from reviewers/authors. The Editor-in-Chief reviews the author's responses to ensure that the author has adequately responded to all comments raised by peer reviewers. Reviewers are then informed of the status of the manuscripts they have reviewed.

Special issues

All articles submitted are peer-reviewed in line with the journal’s standard peer-review policy and are subject to all of the journal’s standard editorial and publishing policies. This includes the journal’s policy on competing interests. The Editors declare no competing interests with the submissions they have handled through the peer review.

Editorial Policies: All manuscripts submitted to the Tanzania Journal of Health Research should adhere to the TJHR format and guidelines

Appeals and complaints: Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should contact the Editor-In-Chief using the corresponding email address and not otherwise.

Conflict of Interest: All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. However, the online submission system will ask you to declare any competing interests for all authors based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”

Benefits of publishing with TJHR: TJHR's open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a broad community. 

For further information about publishing in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research, don't hesitate to contact us at tjhr@nimr.or.tz.

 

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Dr William N. Kisinza,
The National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre,
P. O. Box 81 MUHEZA, Tanzania
Tel. (General line): +255 272977611, Tel. (Direct line): +255 27 2977612
Fax # : +255 272977610, E-mail: william.kisinza@nimr.or.tz, wnkisinza@gmail.com

MANAGING EDITOR

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,
National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam.  Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400
Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: prince.mutalemwa@nimr.or.tz

DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR

Dr Ruby D Mcharo
National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam.  Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400
Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: rmcharo@nimr-mmrc.org

JOURNAL ADMINISTRATION

Dr William N. Kisinza, Editor-In-Chief

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa, Managing Editor

Dr Ruby Mcharo, Deputy Managing Editor

Prof Said Aboud, Editorial Board Chair

Dr Mary Mayige, Editorial Director

 

JOURNAL MANAGEMENT

Dr William N. Kisinza, Editor-In-Chief

Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa, Managing Editor

Dr Ruby Mcharo, Deputy Managing Editor

Dr Mbazi Senkoro, Associate Editor

Dr Alphaxard Manjurano, Associate Editor

Dr Sokoine Kivuyo, Associate Editor

Prof Said Aboud, Editorial Board Chair

Dr Mary Mayige, Editorial Director

 

Editorial Board

Said S Aboud, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Daudi Simba, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam

Werner Maokola, Ministry of Health, Dodoma

Blandina Mmbaga, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi

Mary T Mayige, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Gerry Mshana, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza

Joseph Otieno, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam

Stella Mpagama, Kobong'oto Infectious Disease Hospital, Moshi

Robinson Mdegela, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Mororogo

Suzan Rumisha. National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam

Marceline Finda, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORS
Andrew Y. Kitua
, Morogoro, Tanzania
James K. Tumwine, Kampala, Uganda
Mark Rowland, London, United Kingdom
Peter de Vries, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Eligius F. Lyamuya, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Adamson S. Muula, Blantyre, Malawi
Ude F. Ezepue, Lagos, Nigeria
Edwin Michael, Notre Darme, USA
Paul E. Simonsen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Janusz Paweska, South Africa
Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Nairobi, Kenya

 

Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData:

We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.

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A. Duties of Reviewers

B. Questions to guide the reviewer in assessment of the paper:

Please provide examples and evidence for responses, do not simply answer yes or no.
  1. Topic and content:

    1. Is the topic relevant for the journal?
    2. Is the content important to the field?
    3. Is the work original? (If not, please give references)
  2. Title:

    Does the title reflect the contents of the article?
  3. Abstract:

    To what extent does the abstract reflect aspects of the study: background, objectives, methods, results and conclusions?
  4. Introduction / Background:

    Is the study rationale adequately described?
  5. Objectives:

    Are the study objectives clearly stated and defined?
  6. Methodology:

    1. To what extent is the study design appropriate and adequate for the objectives?
    2. Is the sample size appropriate and adequately justified?
    3. Is the sampling technique appropriate and adequately described?
    4. How well are the methods and instruments of data collection described?
    5. How well are techniques to minimize bias/errors documented?
  7. Ethical Consideration:

    If there are issues related to ethics, are they adequately described? (For human studies, has ethical approval been obtained?)
  8. Analysis and results:

    1. Are the methods adequately described?
    2. Are the methods of data analysis appropriate?
    3. Do the results answer the research question?
    4. Are the results credible?
    5. Is statistical significance well documented (e.g. as confidence intervals or P-value)?
    6. Are the findings presented logically with appropriate displays and explanations?
  9. Discussion:

    1. How well are the key findings stated?
    2. To what extent have differences or similarities with other studies been discussed and reasons for these given?
    3. Are the findings discussed in the light of previous evidence?
    4. Are the implications of these findings clearly explained?
    5. Is the interpretation warranted by and sufficiently derived from and focused on the data and results?
  10. Conclusion(s):

    Do the results justify the conclusion(s)?
  11. References:

    1. Are the references appropriate and relevant?
    2. Are they up to date?
    3. Are there any obvious, important references that should have been included and have not been?
    4. Do the references follow the recommended style?
    5. Are there any errors?
  12. Writing:

    1. Is the paper clearly written?
    2. Is the paper presented logically (e.g. correct information in each section, logical flow of arguments)?
    3. Are there problems with the grammar / spelling / punctuation / language?
This document was compiled using the following resources all accessed 15 March 2010:
Invalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania
Institutions: US$ 60 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 45 per volume (3 issues)

Other Developing Countries
Institutions: US$ 105 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 90 per volume (3 issues)

Developed Countries
Institutions: US$ 282 per volume (3 issues)
Individuals: US$ 240 per volume (3 issues)Invalid data type in setData: While successes are recorded in the developed world with respect to control of HIV/ AIDS, the dream of halting and reversing its spread seems to be a mirage in most parts of the developing world. The forces that drive the transmission of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, as in many other resource poor societies include the activities of high-risk groups. Commercial sex workers remain a major source of HIV/AIDS transmission in Nigeria. The knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of HIV/AIDS among female sex workers (FSWs) faced with the threat of contracting HIV/AIDS were
assessed. A total of 135 FSWs from four most popular brothels in Enugu were interviewed with a structured interview schedule. Six focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were held with FSWs from neighbouring communities. FSWs in Enugu were of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds.
They were however mostly in their productive ages of 16-47, with a mean age of 26.9 years. Poverty was the common reason for sex work. Some engaged in sex work to provide their school needs and those of other dependants. The respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS and dread being infected by it because of the stigma and absence of cure. Three percent do not use condom at all. Others use unorthodox methods (e.g. douching with salt solution immediately after sex), if a client refuses to use
condom. Condom use depended on the client’s choice. Misconceptions exist among the respondents on mode of transmission. Perceptual factors, more than demographic differences played great role in the attitude of the FSWs towards HIV/AIDS. Steps need to be taken to improve on the level of
knowledge of HIV/AIDS among the respondents. This should cut across socio-demographic lines and should target the perceptual factors, which tended to provide adequate explanation for the attitude of the respondents to HIV/AIDS. The FSWs should be provided with income earning skills to improve their income earner ability and make them self-reliant.Invalid data type in setData: HIV/AIDS risk factors and economic empowerment needs of female sex workers in Enugu Urban, NigeriaInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: OnyenehoInvalid data type in setData: NGInvalid data type in setData: HIV/AIDSInvalid data type in setData: risk factorInvalid data type in setData: femaleInvalid data type in setData: sex workersInvalid data type in setData: NigeriaInvalid data type in setData: enInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData:

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AJOL, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global & continental online access, awareness, quality & use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.

Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:

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See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: admin, 47698-59818-1-CE.pdfInvalid data type in setData: admin, 47698-59818-1-CE.pdf%PDF-1.6 % 49 0 obj <> endobj 66 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<07234752D3DEB44A8D502F4BEF1FF1D6><67E16A8383FB0344B129CBD5E7F7FB93>]/Index[49 37]/Info 48 0 R/Length 80/Prev 158694/Root 50 0 R/Size 86/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream hbbd``b`:$AG " [)qA@m HpC] $f$0012Ng\ Y? 0 endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 85 0 obj <>stream hb```f``Rb`a`π@ 8-B"D1S3ӫ-U_nLDRDW?\D&   洆%X#%Ac 3zE.cزzcAӥ鵦P'*20e~Ҍ `U5. endstream endobj 50 0 obj <> endobj 51 0 obj <> endobj 52 0 obj <>stream hXmo8 +aђ%Y}˺tP(1lk돔I4DD>d#0m1?n"LH, 4 uȢ)H2!JE5gQDK&"1q3P36&C02)cL %۷pTe5%ZR'ͻQ44nIM U}7$uAY4rIYҏzT]IZ!|7:td+8?oaR1C7k<9$ym3dFhȂ?3ʙ(TE]%i gl*P> -ӄt w[qQ8/-COЙEKz'|$$G`gH%|GZVD_O_Jɻ7I4YQIS .ː&4:=}֒xM'yM'x-FB㊩XԶI{`ea: q'д4TI(JOŞHHŞ3}cEd$h=Qa @ 9"0!EoFr$\ r4>zخ`Xя.c}ӋMeoM74^u}7Ƌrr|&\jo߅B8(l5VZ`+Xd^tA&j4Bԧvo@wSfFPFvޝ26Rnnwu>+-h_(_Z:ўiށelޯ8; ʧ`3 ߄gC u484e^@-wi-:ChH:\ӷ_Y4=>hB1ȢK9MͿw:~"޿db-$Qp?z p4HkH.GP@eOϋܙ`%Gom?\8."ںc.QT:3BBJѨbVpw˼lFjnMAO=[!C]a B^;@^F0/҅p endstream endobj 53 0 obj <>stream HWNH~ L<,RmZUM qqlj;_Ǚ RL>wۄM&XP4UX0!1S` d|ɷ]e=:˒,7QKkgo_bAAۉAĄZ788Zl&BeL>)z nPL'Z,d8Z|\,&WC5>M0Ctm4LPv.0)]TDa~D4QcHq+K0"GBL10bz"PܣpYfytef(!{M(Ua6ڄIGL]k8x Kd|jӰPl Gs EGOl֦i@{a0U* .7lp2 VJ}Stn_cS=RuόqОxhOV[~bR1B_F) )4pCFNxCaRD!,Ne6wI1 ;$q đV)֌ {!5XhGBI2h\h5`#"d>pnx-gl_z;K3hYOa#Ïiߘj4rYg\pqyq{Pqf\B *Zfig'.>PSHɬPyKTy|~J(h;&5)25FG:= @>#`~RLB(ʣpc=t&4a_~4#BaRƩS^ #`_5abC Ӄ0ێ40(!]^5-* VMaK—hCK;/3΋+fSZ&+Jd¦aPp>Jb)=~ՁQN5WdlP, 8,XufWbEMbimaQY1RCCa~ /U endstream endobj 54 0 obj <>stream HWr6L/XMڤcMp`(ḟKRQ=hX]X# >=PQ#tH`$_GK ,He`16$qVj*!YmJPG;[X,%\i YY4 CFVb,2ӯ6զN-y4U6 4߬-ia(EАb.ޒ-QLe`G4l}JG,K;eYuC.IF0y8BH?+3fZw)n@HC)e5KzΠ(KŽI$UkUN$'NU}oԶH$trE%L'߷x"T1|oQ2\z/2xyyaL80S|C9x##޻/͠tFxv~5(!5@>t,~抴uR6E4YU>_%p .230[4b _y:K(YYr_Vܮ/M20qȅf~P>$mݾK5yuvnex4 V0,"CH2x=DŽ N젚f24Z&^:5nRTEicf dUϤp ~Ԡ7Ijdw MڮiU6efDڸ1~J䐒wܻ+ֵRD~.ZG45i[ ibB.䦮 rr'Eմ<ɗ:&YDٰe zKt*i}ӟ CpȒ!ưhvyyrs\FS\O524ww녬lm-X\A<>v%r-mw.iz|I`]Joc`+'Pb|¤+OC|RnޥP'bpm妪qNU}]U%#% 0ٽ endstream endobj 55 0 obj <>stream HlTmPSgpCQ G "*(BGo K$$P+UP@X jE;v\|^v?;<9s1g' U!{p@ԩ36)Ru4uݜ \'zw X\6j tBU7-Üpܺ+#3_N>z$xJ}|Čx`~Nɖ'dh33J*[*IϖU\RuT)i*R*HcuA*&P&*?JL|vN|:QԪU gqx\}$069>.c' d(3bzlw}pSkVsŸb+o\]&9 $ `w,zYnIu--[,M|r?9"zŵ9|ͧEYJR!~޻->+)#?w.BB &"H.c0%6G[B.=;0,k4Q0")rCZ!JZktp{{w!ޅp *+HˠwۚLt( G^hة&l!H ͓v)2j rªeza\ƉN[. ;ʞܞ)"cΥ?P:!dE!X.3=+lԍkLwz_lkbDYK|$y|BuCGi˔uzz4u*mLk%g;=xiV%(H);^gU @u6oDq'SM~ ϣ` =i`J7o&z1浡߆HaLm}3_ D̻:WdPV[vJ,.p Ewd(YG5bj |^ ݇ XN%')" ,+# zdψ 5~>Z^;) aW8=at"qVF vƽ=F/V#~ Tg7m-EOpG\uuQcPvT V=L?däSs%|U8 arqa` ).N: X {}Ⳕ xu<'z$i#x͹t?xa3nCG/|rNb1Ф#vkG/[ #:Fa@M111Rg,{@+sӫw-wwGF6cۊj-JGga lG18qV" RP;6E1 Fw}t8n-w4NwOm)iW()4+(1E  Hq` LV&V$`08o* <QW"p| V| U_]׹nbypEaQ}'ƃ9n0=8 hDش3IӇ4m a\ =v’#,rH`@ <'|]9LaQ햾jkr7]X%)Z DZh2_vTV$ Ùpoj8I$39y 3Cg3p*R[(֫va[P۽*d Bj6.0ae.tWy<b]i!" 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