The Editor-in-chief forward submitted articles to sectional editors chosen amongst the Associate editors who initiate the process of review by sending same to a minimum of two reviewers in the discipline. The opinion of the reviewers are submitted to the sectional editors who report to the Editor-in-chief. Final decision about suitability of an article is taken by the Editorial Board
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
New volumes are published quarterly in March, June, September and December
Invalid data type in setData: SWJInvalid data type in setData:Submission Preparation Checklist
As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.
The submission has not been previously published, nor is it before another journal for consideration (or an explanation has been provided in Comments to the Editor).
The submission file is in OpenOffice, Microsoft Word, or RTF document file format.
Where available, URLs for the references have been provided.
The text is single-spaced; uses a 12-point font; employs italics, rather than underlining (except with URL addresses); and all illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.
The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines.
Author Guidelines
Authors should adhere to the following recommendations to speed up publication. All manuscripts are submitted to the referees for assessment. Authors can also study a recent volume of the journal and follow the current style in use.
FORMAT
All headings are flush left. The beginning of every paragraph must flush to the left margin. All paragraphs must be blocked and separated with an extra line space between them. All pages must be numbered. For short communications, there is no abstract and division into sections is not necessary
ARRANGEMENTS
The contents of the articles must be presented in the following sequence: Title, Name(s) of author(s), Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussions, Acknowledgements, and References.
TITLE
This should be a separate page and contain the name(s) of the author(s), their addresses and e-mail addresses. In case of more than one author, indicate who correspondences should be addressed to. The title of the paper should, if possible, be short, but must contain enough information to reflect what is contained in the text.
ABSTRACT
This should be in a separate page. The abstract should convey the essential account concisely, in not more than 200 words all in one paragraph, using one sentence each to describe the aim(s), methods, results, and final conclusions within the limited space. The end should contain not more than six key words.
INTRODUCTION
Background information should be provided from peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals, reference works, and textbooks on the experiment you have conducted. The theory behind the work should be discussed and why you think it is important. State the goals of the research or hypothesis(es). Explain what you are investigating and why you choose to investigate it. The introduction should be a motivation for the work. An extensive literature review is not necessary.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Procedures and materials used should be described in sufficient detail to allow repetition of the work. Protocols already described elsewhere can be quoted.
RESULTS
Describe the data generated from the experiments using statements, tables and figures. Any data already presented in a Table should not be repeated in a Figure and vice versa. Also results described in the text must not be repeated in Tables and Figures again. Present the statistic you calculated, the sample size for the statistical test, and the P-value for the statistic. All Tables and Figures must be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text.
DISCUSSION
Discuss and refer to the results obtained in the experiments and link the results to your original goal or idea. Compare the results obtained to other published studies. Since the objective is to make a contribution to the literature on this particular topic, you are expected to relate your work to the studies already done in this field. If your results are not what you expected, try to explain why they differ.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (optional)
Where applicable, acknowledgement(s) should be concise, e.g. "I thank Dr. M. Lawal for …".
CITATION OF REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
References by different authors should be arranged chronologically, e.g. (Ibrahim, 1965; Jones, 1973; Brown, 1977). References from the same year should be listed alphabetically, e.g. (Ahmed, 1966; Charles, 1966; John, 1966). When the name of the author and the year of publication do not form part of a sentence, they should be written in parentheses and separated only by a single space without comma, e.g. (Gimba, 1931). However, an author's name, and sometimes the year of publication, may form part of a sentence as follows: "Gimba (1931) showed that …" or "In 1931 Gimba published this report…". In the case of two authors the two names should be linked by an ampersand (&)., E.g. Hassan & Umar (2005). For more than two authors, quote only the name of the first author followed by et al., typed in italics, e.g. (Aboh, Smith & Jones (1931) becomes (Aboh et al., 1931). The quotation of multiple papers published by one author in the same year should be distinguished by the suffixes a, b, c, etc., inserted after the year of publication. For a series of papers, their arrangements should obey ascendant chronological order with each paper separated from the next by a semicolon (Garba, 2005; Daniel, 2006). If the papers are published the same year, use alphabetical orders (e.g. Daniel, 2006; Garba, 2006; Haruna, 2006). Quotation of papers that are still in the press should be done only for those papers that have actually gone to the press by inserting the words “in press” in the text instead of the year of publication. When an unseen paper is being quoted from another publication, only the latter should be included in the reference list. The unseen paper should be referred to only in the text, e.g.: "Jonathan (1999), cited by Goje (2000) found that …". In this example only Goje (2000) would be included in the reference list. For Personal communications, permission should be sought from the person(s) concerned before such communications can be quoted in the text only, but not in the reference list (E.g. Moses, personal communication). Authors must checked to ensure accuracy that all references mentioned in the text are listed at the end of the paper and vice versa.
LISTING REFERENCES AT THE END OF THE PAPER
References must be listed out according to the Harvard reference method. When one author has several publications they must be listed out chronologically. When two or more papers have the same author and published in the same year, the letters a, b, c, should be added after the year. When the publication carries the name of an editor and not the author of the article, insert "(Ed.)" between the name and the date of publication. If there is more than one editor, use the abbreviation "(Eds.)". When the reference includes both author/s and editor/s, insert the phrase "edited by" after the title of the book. The title of a journal must be given in full and italicized, using Arabic numerals to indicate the volume number, e.g. Theoretical Chemistry, 9:5-23. When the reference consists of a single page only, just insert a colon before the page number. Papers that are still in press should carry the word "in press" after the name of the journal, the correct volume and page numbers. Titles of books must be italicized. Use the abbreviation "ed." for edition and only an Arabic numeral to indicate the volume(s) cited. No page numbers are given for books, e.g. Goodlay, G. M. (2002). Modern Advances in Physics, 9th ed. London: Churchill. When it is only the abstract of an article that has been read, indicate this as follows: Johnson, Z. M. (2004). Mortality pattern of infants due to malaria. African Journal of Biomedical Research 7:234-245 (Abstract, Biology Bulletin, 30:67). Articles and book chapters should be written as follows: Queen, G. H (1968). Wine making. In: Small scale businesses, edited by K. Fox & Tonia, P. Kaduna: Baraka Press, 2:19-45. List articles that appeared in the proceedings of periodic international conferences as follows: Godiya, M.L. (2003). Chemical contamination of agarose gel in PCR. Proceedings of the 2nd international Congress of Science, Abuja, Nigeria 2006:329-339. Individual articles from Annual Reports should be listed as follows: Eunice, S M. A. (2001). Malaria. Report of the Department of Health, Nigeria 2000:51. Publications without the name of the author or editor should carry the name of the organization issuing the work, e.g. FAO (2002). Animal Disease Yearbook 2001. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Unpublished theses and dissertations should be listed as follows: Hamisu, K.U. (2002). Prevalence of HIV among girls in Kaduna town, Nigeria. B.Sc. Thesis, University of Port Harcourt, 34 pp. Note that the title of an unpublished work is not italicized. For citations of journals from the web, present as follow: Abubakar, M.S. (2006). A new disease of dogs from Kaduna. Science World Journal [on line] 23-39. Available in http://www.scienceworldjournal.com (date retrieved). For articles accessed in the net without authors and date of publication, use the example: High nitrate concentration in urban drinking water. Retrieved 8th September, 2006 from www.cc.gtech.edu.
Other relevant information
Tables
Each table must be typed using table menu for easy retrieval and editing. It should contain a brief heading with enough information to enable the reader to understand the table without consulting the text. The approximate positions of all tables must be indicated in the main text. Duplication in the text of information given in the tables must be avoided. They are to be numbered with Roman numerals.
Figures
Illustrations are referred to as figures (abbreviated as "Fig."). The approximate positions of all figures must be indicated in the main text. Repetition in the text of information given in the figures must be avoided. They are to be numbered with Arabic numerals. Authors are encouraged to supply the original spreadsheet data used to produce the graph to enable us maintain a uniform look for all graphs in the journal.
Photographs and diagrams
Production of colour figures are free. They should be saved in JPEG format
Graphs and drawings
Drawing must be done professionally on a clear white surface.
Biological and chemical nomenclature
The use of taxonomic and chemical names must be in accordance with the relevant rules in the International Codes of Nomenclature for animals, bacteria and plants as well as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). When an organism is mentioned in the text for the first time, its generic and specific names must be given in full, e.g. Trypanosoma vivax. Subsequent mention should abbreviate the initial generic name e.g. T. vivax. In the case of two organisms that have their generic names starting with same initial letter, and in addition these organisms have identical species names, then always write out their generic names to avoid confusion, e.g.Glossina palpalis and Glossina pallidipes. In a taxonomic article, in addition to the full scientific name of each organism mentioned, the author(s) must be given the first time it is cited. The date on which the original description of the organism was published should be given. The rules governing the ways in which authors and dates are quoted differ somewhat in the three International Codes of Nomenclature. For a zoological organism the generic and specific names are followed by the name(s) of the author(s), a comma and the date, e. g. Babesia bigemina Smith & Kilbourne, 1893. In the case of bacteria, there is no comma between the name(s) of author(s) and the date, e.g. Pasteurella haemolytica Newson & Cross 1932. In the case of plants the name of the author is abbreviated, e.g Grevia robusta Harv. Take into account the uniqueness of the nomenclature of viruses and always begin Family names with a capital letter and end with the suffix” viridae”, e.g. Picornaviridae. Generic names, which also begin with a capital letter, end with the suffix”- virus” and are printed in italics, e.g. Orbivirus. Viral nomenclature is not binomial, and the names are not latin specific.
DATES
Dates in the text should be written as follows 31 Jan 2000.
Abbreviations
These must be defined when mentioned for the first time, both in the abstract and in the text. However, they should be used only if they have to be repeated frequently.
Numerals
Leave a space between numerals and units, e.g. 5 m (not 5m); 2 h (not 2h); 5 % (not 5%); 5 oC (not 5oC). If a number is followed immediately by a unit of measurement, use the numeral, e.g. 5 g, 200 m
Proofs
Final proofs will be sent to the senior author for final corrections which should be done according to the original manuscript, using the appropriate editing symbols. This should be completed and returned within 7 days. No further corrections in the original manuscript should be made at this stage.
Review charges
Five Thousand Nigerian Naira (5,000:00) or US $20.00 will be charged per article for the review process.
Page charges and reprints
Twenty Thousand Nigerian Naira (N20,000:00) or US $100.00 will be charged per article after the paper has been accepted for publication.
Hard copies of published SWJ issues may be purchased at a fee of Three Thousand Nigerian Naira (N3,000.00) or US $30.00, excluding postage charges.
All the articles published in the SWJ will be available on CD-ROM and can be accessed on-line from the archive on our website, www.scienceworldjournal.org.
Manuscripts that do not comply with the editorial requirements will be returned for amendment before they are considered by the editorial committee.
Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: Kaduna State UniversityInvalid data type in setData: Copyright belongs to the journal. Journal is Open AccessInvalid data type in setData:The SWJ is a peer review on-line international journal of broad appeal, aimed at fast publication of cutting edge research across the sciences. The Journal publishes multidisciplinary articles reporting on original research in the natural and physical sciences and their applications. The journal also promotes the application of computers in modeling and Bioinformatics. Other websites related to this journal: www.scienceworldjournal.org
Invalid data type in setData:Editor-in Chief
Prof. Sadiq G. Abdu - Department of Physics, Kaduna State University
Deputy Editor – Physical Sciences
Dr. A.S. Magaji - Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kaduna State University
Deputy Editor – Life Sciences
Dr. J.R. Wartu - Department of Microbiology, Kaduna State University
Associate Editors
Prof. A.B. Ahmed - Department of Biological Sciences, Kaduna State University
Prof. S.B. Abdu - Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Prof. B.I. Kuden - Department of Environmental Management, Nasarawa State University, Keffi
Prof. Labaran Salihu - Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
Prof. Garba Babaji - Department of Physics, Bayero University, Kano
Prof. M.Y. Onimisi - Department of Physics, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
Dr. Abdulrahman Ndanusa - Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal University of Technology, Minna
Dr. S.S.D. Mohammed - Department of Microbiology, Nile University, Abuja
Dr. Abdulkadir H. Alkali - Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri
Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright belongs to the journal. Journal is Open AccessInvalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Science World JournalInvalid data type in setData:This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: support@ajol.infoInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:The names and email addresses entered here will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of AJOL. We take your privacy seriously and we protect your personal information, which will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party without your permission, or unless legal obligation compels us to do so.
Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:The Editor-in-chief forward submitted articles to sectional editors chosen amongst the Associate editors who initiate the process of review by sending same to a minimum of two reviewers in the discipline. The opinion of the reviewers are submitted to the sectional editors who report to the Editor-in-chief. Final decision about suitability of an article is taken by the Editorial Board
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
New volumes are published quarterly in March, June, September and December
Invalid data type in setData: SWJInvalid data type in setData:Submission Preparation Checklist
As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.
The submission has not been previously published, nor is it before another journal for consideration (or an explanation has been provided in Comments to the Editor).
The submission file is in OpenOffice, Microsoft Word, or RTF document file format.
Where available, URLs for the references have been provided.
The text is single-spaced; uses a 12-point font; employs italics, rather than underlining (except with URL addresses); and all illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.
The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines.
Author Guidelines
Authors should adhere to the following recommendations to speed up publication. All manuscripts are submitted to the referees for assessment. Authors can also study a recent volume of the journal and follow the current style in use.
FORMAT
All headings are flush left. The beginning of every paragraph must flush to the left margin. All paragraphs must be blocked and separated with an extra line space between them. All pages must be numbered. For short communications, there is no abstract and division into sections is not necessary
ARRANGEMENTS
The contents of the articles must be presented in the following sequence: Title, Name(s) of author(s), Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussions, Acknowledgements, and References.
TITLE
This should be a separate page and contain the name(s) of the author(s), their addresses and e-mail addresses. In case of more than one author, indicate who correspondences should be addressed to. The title of the paper should, if possible, be short, but must contain enough information to reflect what is contained in the text.
ABSTRACT
This should be in a separate page. The abstract should convey the essential account concisely, in not more than 200 words all in one paragraph, using one sentence each to describe the aim(s), methods, results, and final conclusions within the limited space. The end should contain not more than six key words.
INTRODUCTION
Background information should be provided from peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals, reference works, and textbooks on the experiment you have conducted. The theory behind the work should be discussed and why you think it is important. State the goals of the research or hypothesis(es). Explain what you are investigating and why you choose to investigate it. The introduction should be a motivation for the work. An extensive literature review is not necessary.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Procedures and materials used should be described in sufficient detail to allow repetition of the work. Protocols already described elsewhere can be quoted.
RESULTS
Describe the data generated from the experiments using statements, tables and figures. Any data already presented in a Table should not be repeated in a Figure and vice versa. Also results described in the text must not be repeated in Tables and Figures again. Present the statistic you calculated, the sample size for the statistical test, and the P-value for the statistic. All Tables and Figures must be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text.
DISCUSSION
Discuss and refer to the results obtained in the experiments and link the results to your original goal or idea. Compare the results obtained to other published studies. Since the objective is to make a contribution to the literature on this particular topic, you are expected to relate your work to the studies already done in this field. If your results are not what you expected, try to explain why they differ.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (optional)
Where applicable, acknowledgement(s) should be concise, e.g. "I thank Dr. M. Lawal for …".
CITATION OF REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
References by different authors should be arranged chronologically, e.g. (Ibrahim, 1965; Jones, 1973; Brown, 1977). References from the same year should be listed alphabetically, e.g. (Ahmed, 1966; Charles, 1966; John, 1966). When the name of the author and the year of publication do not form part of a sentence, they should be written in parentheses and separated only by a single space without comma, e.g. (Gimba, 1931). However, an author's name, and sometimes the year of publication, may form part of a sentence as follows: "Gimba (1931) showed that …" or "In 1931 Gimba published this report…". In the case of two authors the two names should be linked by an ampersand (&)., E.g. Hassan & Umar (2005). For more than two authors, quote only the name of the first author followed by et al., typed in italics, e.g. (Aboh, Smith & Jones (1931) becomes (Aboh et al., 1931). The quotation of multiple papers published by one author in the same year should be distinguished by the suffixes a, b, c, etc., inserted after the year of publication. For a series of papers, their arrangements should obey ascendant chronological order with each paper separated from the next by a semicolon (Garba, 2005; Daniel, 2006). If the papers are published the same year, use alphabetical orders (e.g. Daniel, 2006; Garba, 2006; Haruna, 2006). Quotation of papers that are still in the press should be done only for those papers that have actually gone to the press by inserting the words “in press” in the text instead of the year of publication. When an unseen paper is being quoted from another publication, only the latter should be included in the reference list. The unseen paper should be referred to only in the text, e.g.: "Jonathan (1999), cited by Goje (2000) found that …". In this example only Goje (2000) would be included in the reference list. For Personal communications, permission should be sought from the person(s) concerned before such communications can be quoted in the text only, but not in the reference list (E.g. Moses, personal communication). Authors must checked to ensure accuracy that all references mentioned in the text are listed at the end of the paper and vice versa.
LISTING REFERENCES AT THE END OF THE PAPER
References must be listed out according to the Harvard reference method. When one author has several publications they must be listed out chronologically. When two or more papers have the same author and published in the same year, the letters a, b, c, should be added after the year. When the publication carries the name of an editor and not the author of the article, insert "(Ed.)" between the name and the date of publication. If there is more than one editor, use the abbreviation "(Eds.)". When the reference includes both author/s and editor/s, insert the phrase "edited by" after the title of the book. The title of a journal must be given in full and italicized, using Arabic numerals to indicate the volume number, e.g. Theoretical Chemistry, 9:5-23. When the reference consists of a single page only, just insert a colon before the page number. Papers that are still in press should carry the word "in press" after the name of the journal, the correct volume and page numbers. Titles of books must be italicized. Use the abbreviation "ed." for edition and only an Arabic numeral to indicate the volume(s) cited. No page numbers are given for books, e.g. Goodlay, G. M. (2002). Modern Advances in Physics, 9th ed. London: Churchill. When it is only the abstract of an article that has been read, indicate this as follows: Johnson, Z. M. (2004). Mortality pattern of infants due to malaria. African Journal of Biomedical Research 7:234-245 (Abstract, Biology Bulletin, 30:67). Articles and book chapters should be written as follows: Queen, G. H (1968). Wine making. In: Small scale businesses, edited by K. Fox & Tonia, P. Kaduna: Baraka Press, 2:19-45. List articles that appeared in the proceedings of periodic international conferences as follows: Godiya, M.L. (2003). Chemical contamination of agarose gel in PCR. Proceedings of the 2nd international Congress of Science, Abuja, Nigeria 2006:329-339. Individual articles from Annual Reports should be listed as follows: Eunice, S M. A. (2001). Malaria. Report of the Department of Health, Nigeria 2000:51. Publications without the name of the author or editor should carry the name of the organization issuing the work, e.g. FAO (2002). Animal Disease Yearbook 2001. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Unpublished theses and dissertations should be listed as follows: Hamisu, K.U. (2002). Prevalence of HIV among girls in Kaduna town, Nigeria. B.Sc. Thesis, University of Port Harcourt, 34 pp. Note that the title of an unpublished work is not italicized. For citations of journals from the web, present as follow: Abubakar, M.S. (2006). A new disease of dogs from Kaduna. Science World Journal [on line] 23-39. Available in http://www.scienceworldjournal.com (date retrieved). For articles accessed in the net without authors and date of publication, use the example: High nitrate concentration in urban drinking water. Retrieved 8th September, 2006 from www.cc.gtech.edu.
Other relevant information
Tables
Each table must be typed using table menu for easy retrieval and editing. It should contain a brief heading with enough information to enable the reader to understand the table without consulting the text. The approximate positions of all tables must be indicated in the main text. Duplication in the text of information given in the tables must be avoided. They are to be numbered with Roman numerals.
Figures
Illustrations are referred to as figures (abbreviated as "Fig."). The approximate positions of all figures must be indicated in the main text. Repetition in the text of information given in the figures must be avoided. They are to be numbered with Arabic numerals. Authors are encouraged to supply the original spreadsheet data used to produce the graph to enable us maintain a uniform look for all graphs in the journal.
Photographs and diagrams
Production of colour figures are free. They should be saved in JPEG format
Graphs and drawings
Drawing must be done professionally on a clear white surface.
Biological and chemical nomenclature
The use of taxonomic and chemical names must be in accordance with the relevant rules in the International Codes of Nomenclature for animals, bacteria and plants as well as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). When an organism is mentioned in the text for the first time, its generic and specific names must be given in full, e.g. Trypanosoma vivax. Subsequent mention should abbreviate the initial generic name e.g. T. vivax. In the case of two organisms that have their generic names starting with same initial letter, and in addition these organisms have identical species names, then always write out their generic names to avoid confusion, e.g.Glossina palpalis and Glossina pallidipes. In a taxonomic article, in addition to the full scientific name of each organism mentioned, the author(s) must be given the first time it is cited. The date on which the original description of the organism was published should be given. The rules governing the ways in which authors and dates are quoted differ somewhat in the three International Codes of Nomenclature. For a zoological organism the generic and specific names are followed by the name(s) of the author(s), a comma and the date, e. g. Babesia bigemina Smith & Kilbourne, 1893. In the case of bacteria, there is no comma between the name(s) of author(s) and the date, e.g. Pasteurella haemolytica Newson & Cross 1932. In the case of plants the name of the author is abbreviated, e.g Grevia robusta Harv. Take into account the uniqueness of the nomenclature of viruses and always begin Family names with a capital letter and end with the suffix” viridae”, e.g. Picornaviridae. Generic names, which also begin with a capital letter, end with the suffix”- virus” and are printed in italics, e.g. Orbivirus. Viral nomenclature is not binomial, and the names are not latin specific.
DATES
Dates in the text should be written as follows 31 Jan 2000.
Abbreviations
These must be defined when mentioned for the first time, both in the abstract and in the text. However, they should be used only if they have to be repeated frequently.
Numerals
Leave a space between numerals and units, e.g. 5 m (not 5m); 2 h (not 2h); 5 % (not 5%); 5 oC (not 5oC). If a number is followed immediately by a unit of measurement, use the numeral, e.g. 5 g, 200 m
Proofs
Final proofs will be sent to the senior author for final corrections which should be done according to the original manuscript, using the appropriate editing symbols. This should be completed and returned within 7 days. No further corrections in the original manuscript should be made at this stage.
Review charges
Five Thousand Nigerian Naira (5,000:00) or US $20.00 will be charged per article for the review process.
Page charges and reprints
Twenty Thousand Nigerian Naira (N20,000:00) or US $100.00 will be charged per article after the paper has been accepted for publication.
Hard copies of published SWJ issues may be purchased at a fee of Three Thousand Nigerian Naira (N3,000.00) or US $30.00, excluding postage charges.
All the articles published in the SWJ will be available on CD-ROM and can be accessed on-line from the archive on our website, www.scienceworldjournal.org.
Manuscripts that do not comply with the editorial requirements will be returned for amendment before they are considered by the editorial committee.
Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: Kaduna State UniversityInvalid data type in setData: Copyright belongs to the journal. Journal is Open AccessInvalid data type in setData:The SWJ is a peer review on-line international journal of broad appeal, aimed at fast publication of cutting edge research across the sciences. The Journal publishes multidisciplinary articles reporting on original research in the natural and physical sciences and their applications. The journal also promotes the application of computers in modeling and Bioinformatics. Other websites related to this journal: www.scienceworldjournal.org
Invalid data type in setData:Editor-in Chief
Prof. Sadiq G. Abdu - Department of Physics, Kaduna State University
Deputy Editor – Physical Sciences
Dr. A.S. Magaji - Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kaduna State University
Deputy Editor – Life Sciences
Dr. J.R. Wartu - Department of Microbiology, Kaduna State University
Associate Editors
Prof. A.B. Ahmed - Department of Biological Sciences, Kaduna State University
Prof. S.B. Abdu - Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Prof. B.I. Kuden - Department of Environmental Management, Nasarawa State University, Keffi
Prof. Labaran Salihu - Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
Prof. Garba Babaji - Department of Physics, Bayero University, Kano
Prof. M.Y. Onimisi - Department of Physics, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
Dr. Abdulrahman Ndanusa - Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal University of Technology, Minna
Dr. S.S.D. Mohammed - Department of Microbiology, Nile University, Abuja
Dr. Abdulkadir H. Alkali - Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri
Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright belongs to the journal. Journal is Open AccessInvalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Science World JournalInvalid data type in setData:This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData:Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change & under-development.
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CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes inter alia all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright)
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The Editor-in-chief forward submitted articles to sectional editors chosen amongst the Associate editors who initiate the process of review by sending same to a minimum of two reviewers in the discipline. The opinion of the reviewers are submitted to the sectional editors who report to the Editor-in-chief. Final decision about suitability of an article is taken by the Editorial Board
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
New volumes are published quarterly in March, June, September and December
Invalid data type in setData: SWJInvalid data type in setData:Submission Preparation Checklist
As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.
The submission has not been previously published, nor is it before another journal for consideration (or an explanation has been provided in Comments to the Editor).
The submission file is in OpenOffice, Microsoft Word, or RTF document file format.
Where available, URLs for the references have been provided.
The text is single-spaced; uses a 12-point font; employs italics, rather than underlining (except with URL addresses); and all illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.
The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines.
Author Guidelines
Authors should adhere to the following recommendations to speed up publication. All manuscripts are submitted to the referees for assessment. Authors can also study a recent volume of the journal and follow the current style in use.
FORMAT
All headings are flush left. The beginning of every paragraph must flush to the left margin. All paragraphs must be blocked and separated with an extra line space between them. All pages must be numbered. For short communications, there is no abstract and division into sections is not necessary
ARRANGEMENTS
The contents of the articles must be presented in the following sequence: Title, Name(s) of author(s), Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussions, Acknowledgements, and References.
TITLE
This should be a separate page and contain the name(s) of the author(s), their addresses and e-mail addresses. In case of more than one author, indicate who correspondences should be addressed to. The title of the paper should, if possible, be short, but must contain enough information to reflect what is contained in the text.
ABSTRACT
This should be in a separate page. The abstract should convey the essential account concisely, in not more than 200 words all in one paragraph, using one sentence each to describe the aim(s), methods, results, and final conclusions within the limited space. The end should contain not more than six key words.
INTRODUCTION
Background information should be provided from peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals, reference works, and textbooks on the experiment you have conducted. The theory behind the work should be discussed and why you think it is important. State the goals of the research or hypothesis(es). Explain what you are investigating and why you choose to investigate it. The introduction should be a motivation for the work. An extensive literature review is not necessary.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Procedures and materials used should be described in sufficient detail to allow repetition of the work. Protocols already described elsewhere can be quoted.
RESULTS
Describe the data generated from the experiments using statements, tables and figures. Any data already presented in a Table should not be repeated in a Figure and vice versa. Also results described in the text must not be repeated in Tables and Figures again. Present the statistic you calculated, the sample size for the statistical test, and the P-value for the statistic. All Tables and Figures must be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text.
DISCUSSION
Discuss and refer to the results obtained in the experiments and link the results to your original goal or idea. Compare the results obtained to other published studies. Since the objective is to make a contribution to the literature on this particular topic, you are expected to relate your work to the studies already done in this field. If your results are not what you expected, try to explain why they differ.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (optional)
Where applicable, acknowledgement(s) should be concise, e.g. "I thank Dr. M. Lawal for …".
CITATION OF REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
References by different authors should be arranged chronologically, e.g. (Ibrahim, 1965; Jones, 1973; Brown, 1977). References from the same year should be listed alphabetically, e.g. (Ahmed, 1966; Charles, 1966; John, 1966). When the name of the author and the year of publication do not form part of a sentence, they should be written in parentheses and separated only by a single space without comma, e.g. (Gimba, 1931). However, an author's name, and sometimes the year of publication, may form part of a sentence as follows: "Gimba (1931) showed that …" or "In 1931 Gimba published this report…". In the case of two authors the two names should be linked by an ampersand (&)., E.g. Hassan & Umar (2005). For more than two authors, quote only the name of the first author followed by et al., typed in italics, e.g. (Aboh, Smith & Jones (1931) becomes (Aboh et al., 1931). The quotation of multiple papers published by one author in the same year should be distinguished by the suffixes a, b, c, etc., inserted after the year of publication. For a series of papers, their arrangements should obey ascendant chronological order with each paper separated from the next by a semicolon (Garba, 2005; Daniel, 2006). If the papers are published the same year, use alphabetical orders (e.g. Daniel, 2006; Garba, 2006; Haruna, 2006). Quotation of papers that are still in the press should be done only for those papers that have actually gone to the press by inserting the words “in press” in the text instead of the year of publication. When an unseen paper is being quoted from another publication, only the latter should be included in the reference list. The unseen paper should be referred to only in the text, e.g.: "Jonathan (1999), cited by Goje (2000) found that …". In this example only Goje (2000) would be included in the reference list. For Personal communications, permission should be sought from the person(s) concerned before such communications can be quoted in the text only, but not in the reference list (E.g. Moses, personal communication). Authors must checked to ensure accuracy that all references mentioned in the text are listed at the end of the paper and vice versa.
LISTING REFERENCES AT THE END OF THE PAPER
References must be listed out according to the Harvard reference method. When one author has several publications they must be listed out chronologically. When two or more papers have the same author and published in the same year, the letters a, b, c, should be added after the year. When the publication carries the name of an editor and not the author of the article, insert "(Ed.)" between the name and the date of publication. If there is more than one editor, use the abbreviation "(Eds.)". When the reference includes both author/s and editor/s, insert the phrase "edited by" after the title of the book. The title of a journal must be given in full and italicized, using Arabic numerals to indicate the volume number, e.g. Theoretical Chemistry, 9:5-23. When the reference consists of a single page only, just insert a colon before the page number. Papers that are still in press should carry the word "in press" after the name of the journal, the correct volume and page numbers. Titles of books must be italicized. Use the abbreviation "ed." for edition and only an Arabic numeral to indicate the volume(s) cited. No page numbers are given for books, e.g. Goodlay, G. M. (2002). Modern Advances in Physics, 9th ed. London: Churchill. When it is only the abstract of an article that has been read, indicate this as follows: Johnson, Z. M. (2004). Mortality pattern of infants due to malaria. African Journal of Biomedical Research 7:234-245 (Abstract, Biology Bulletin, 30:67). Articles and book chapters should be written as follows: Queen, G. H (1968). Wine making. In: Small scale businesses, edited by K. Fox & Tonia, P. Kaduna: Baraka Press, 2:19-45. List articles that appeared in the proceedings of periodic international conferences as follows: Godiya, M.L. (2003). Chemical contamination of agarose gel in PCR. Proceedings of the 2nd international Congress of Science, Abuja, Nigeria 2006:329-339. Individual articles from Annual Reports should be listed as follows: Eunice, S M. A. (2001). Malaria. Report of the Department of Health, Nigeria 2000:51. Publications without the name of the author or editor should carry the name of the organization issuing the work, e.g. FAO (2002). Animal Disease Yearbook 2001. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Unpublished theses and dissertations should be listed as follows: Hamisu, K.U. (2002). Prevalence of HIV among girls in Kaduna town, Nigeria. B.Sc. Thesis, University of Port Harcourt, 34 pp. Note that the title of an unpublished work is not italicized. For citations of journals from the web, present as follow: Abubakar, M.S. (2006). A new disease of dogs from Kaduna. Science World Journal [on line] 23-39. Available in http://www.scienceworldjournal.com (date retrieved). For articles accessed in the net without authors and date of publication, use the example: High nitrate concentration in urban drinking water. Retrieved 8th September, 2006 from www.cc.gtech.edu.
Other relevant information
Tables
Each table must be typed using table menu for easy retrieval and editing. It should contain a brief heading with enough information to enable the reader to understand the table without consulting the text. The approximate positions of all tables must be indicated in the main text. Duplication in the text of information given in the tables must be avoided. They are to be numbered with Roman numerals.
Figures
Illustrations are referred to as figures (abbreviated as "Fig."). The approximate positions of all figures must be indicated in the main text. Repetition in the text of information given in the figures must be avoided. They are to be numbered with Arabic numerals. Authors are encouraged to supply the original spreadsheet data used to produce the graph to enable us maintain a uniform look for all graphs in the journal.
Photographs and diagrams
Production of colour figures are free. They should be saved in JPEG format
Graphs and drawings
Drawing must be done professionally on a clear white surface.
Biological and chemical nomenclature
The use of taxonomic and chemical names must be in accordance with the relevant rules in the International Codes of Nomenclature for animals, bacteria and plants as well as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). When an organism is mentioned in the text for the first time, its generic and specific names must be given in full, e.g. Trypanosoma vivax. Subsequent mention should abbreviate the initial generic name e.g. T. vivax. In the case of two organisms that have their generic names starting with same initial letter, and in addition these organisms have identical species names, then always write out their generic names to avoid confusion, e.g.Glossina palpalis and Glossina pallidipes. In a taxonomic article, in addition to the full scientific name of each organism mentioned, the author(s) must be given the first time it is cited. The date on which the original description of the organism was published should be given. The rules governing the ways in which authors and dates are quoted differ somewhat in the three International Codes of Nomenclature. For a zoological organism the generic and specific names are followed by the name(s) of the author(s), a comma and the date, e. g. Babesia bigemina Smith & Kilbourne, 1893. In the case of bacteria, there is no comma between the name(s) of author(s) and the date, e.g. Pasteurella haemolytica Newson & Cross 1932. In the case of plants the name of the author is abbreviated, e.g Grevia robusta Harv. Take into account the uniqueness of the nomenclature of viruses and always begin Family names with a capital letter and end with the suffix” viridae”, e.g. Picornaviridae. Generic names, which also begin with a capital letter, end with the suffix”- virus” and are printed in italics, e.g. Orbivirus. Viral nomenclature is not binomial, and the names are not latin specific.
DATES
Dates in the text should be written as follows 31 Jan 2000.
Abbreviations
These must be defined when mentioned for the first time, both in the abstract and in the text. However, they should be used only if they have to be repeated frequently.
Numerals
Leave a space between numerals and units, e.g. 5 m (not 5m); 2 h (not 2h); 5 % (not 5%); 5 oC (not 5oC). If a number is followed immediately by a unit of measurement, use the numeral, e.g. 5 g, 200 m
Proofs
Final proofs will be sent to the senior author for final corrections which should be done according to the original manuscript, using the appropriate editing symbols. This should be completed and returned within 7 days. No further corrections in the original manuscript should be made at this stage.
Review charges
Five Thousand Nigerian Naira (5,000:00) or US $20.00 will be charged per article for the review process.
Page charges and reprints
Twenty Thousand Nigerian Naira (N20,000:00) or US $100.00 will be charged per article after the paper has been accepted for publication.
Hard copies of published SWJ issues may be purchased at a fee of Three Thousand Nigerian Naira (N3,000.00) or US $30.00, excluding postage charges.
All the articles published in the SWJ will be available on CD-ROM and can be accessed on-line from the archive on our website, www.scienceworldjournal.org.
Manuscripts that do not comply with the editorial requirements will be returned for amendment before they are considered by the editorial committee.
Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: Kaduna State UniversityInvalid data type in setData: Copyright belongs to the journal. Journal is Open AccessInvalid data type in setData:The SWJ is a peer review on-line international journal of broad appeal, aimed at fast publication of cutting edge research across the sciences. The Journal publishes multidisciplinary articles reporting on original research in the natural and physical sciences and their applications. The journal also promotes the application of computers in modeling and Bioinformatics. Other websites related to this journal: www.scienceworldjournal.org
Invalid data type in setData:Editor-in Chief
Prof. Sadiq G. Abdu - Department of Physics, Kaduna State University
Deputy Editor – Physical Sciences
Dr. A.S. Magaji - Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kaduna State University
Deputy Editor – Life Sciences
Dr. J.R. Wartu - Department of Microbiology, Kaduna State University
Associate Editors
Prof. A.B. Ahmed - Department of Biological Sciences, Kaduna State University
Prof. S.B. Abdu - Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Prof. B.I. Kuden - Department of Environmental Management, Nasarawa State University, Keffi
Prof. Labaran Salihu - Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
Prof. Garba Babaji - Department of Physics, Bayero University, Kano
Prof. M.Y. Onimisi - Department of Physics, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
Dr. Abdulrahman Ndanusa - Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Federal University of Technology, Minna
Dr. S.S.D. Mohammed - Department of Microbiology, Nile University, Abuja
Dr. Abdulkadir H. Alkali - Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri
Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright belongs to the journal. Journal is Open AccessInvalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Science World JournalInvalid data type in setData:This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity ofResearchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change & under-development.
info@ajol.info
CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes inter alia all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright)
African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08