Invalid data type in setData: J. Med. Biomed. Res.Invalid data type in setData:

Publisher
The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research (JMBR) is published by the College of
Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

Peer Review
All manuscripts are initially screened by the Editor in-chief or any member of the Editorial Board to assess the suitability of the paper with respect to conformity to journal scope and guidelines; before being subjected to peer-review by at least two reviewers who are experts in the relevant field. Reviewers are expected to declare any conflict of interest.
The review process is double-blinded and confidentiality is usually maintained throughout the process. Decisions will be made as rapidly as possible and the JMBR strives to return reviewers’ comments to authors within 4 weeks. Acceptance or rejection is based on the comments of at least two reviewers and the Editorial Board, and communicated to the authors.

Publication Scheduling
Published biannually – June and December.

General
Hard Copy Subscriptions
Annual Subscription Rates
African-based institutions $100
Non-African-based institutions $150
African individuals $100
Non-African individuals $150
Nigeria Library ₦5000
Single copy $200 (International)
Single copy ₦2500 (Local)

Invalid data type in setData: jmbrInvalid data type in setData:

Aim and Scope
The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research (JMBR) is a multi-disciplinary biannual (June &
December) publication of the College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City.

The Journal will publish original research articles, reviews, case reports and short communications - editorials, commentaries, and letters to the Editor. The journal welcomes articles from all branches/subspecialties of Medicine and Dentistry, including Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology, Psychology, etc.) and Clinical Sciences (Internal Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dental Surgery, Child Health, Laboratory Sciences, Radiology, Community medicine, etc.) Articles are also welcome from Social Science researchers that document the social factors influencing health in developing countries.

Publication information for Authors
Submitted manuscripts will be considered for publications on the understanding that:

The following information provides guidance in preparing manuscripts:

General Instructions
Articles submitted for publication should be typed double-spaced in Microsoft-word format with one (1”) inch margins, right hand side should not be justified and font size should be 12p; for easy and quick peer-review and typesetting. Submissions are acceptable in British or American English. All accepted manuscripts will be edited according to the Journal’s style. Authors should note that manuscripts that do not conform to the Journal’s guidelines will not be reviewed.
All articles must include the correct names and address of all author(s) including their e-mail addresses and phone numbers. Articles will be subjected to a through peer-review process before any decision is made to publish or not. Authors should note that the Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is not under any obligation to publish articles submitted, as decision to publish will be based on recommendations of reviewers and the Editorial Board.

Manuscripts should be submitted as e-mail attachment to:
Editor-In-Chief, Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research
Email: jmbr@uniben.edu

This should be accompanied by a cover letter which should include the article title, corresponding author’s affiliation, email address and telephone number. The full names, affiliations and contact details of the co-authors should also be clearly indicated. Note that authors’ details should only appear on the cover page only, and not on any other page of the manuscript.
A manuscript reference number will be mailed to the corresponding author within two working days and the same thread of mail should be maintained for all correspondence with respect to the manuscript.

Manuscripts
Articles should be divided into the following sections:

Abstract
Articles must contain a structured abstract with the following sub-headings: Background, Methods, Results and Conclusion. Abstract should not be more than 250 words with up to 3 - 5 keywords.

Main Text
The main text of articles should be organized as follows: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion. Authors of review articles and short reports are requested to organize the body of their manuscript using headings/sub-headings appropriate to the material and discipline represented. Subsequent pages should follow this order: acknowledgement (on a separate page) references, appendix, figure captions, tables and figures. Do not place tables or figures in the main text.

References
References should be in the Vancouver style and numbered consecutively in the order in which they are mentioned in the text. Titles of journal should be abbreviated according to the Index. Authors must cross check and make sure all information provided in the reference citation is complete and correctly written.
Reference numbers should be inserted above the line on each occasion a references is cited in the text,
e.g.......as noted in other studies. 5 The format of referencing should be as published by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) in the British Medical Journal, 1998, volume 296, pages 401-405.
NOTE: Authors should include the Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) of referenced articles in the
reference section for all articles cited.

Conflict of interest: Authors must declare any competing financial and/or non-financial interests in relation to the work submitted.
Acknowledgement: Authors should use this section to acknowledge those who have not met the authorship criteria as outlined below.
Contributions to joint publication: A statement stating the contribution of individual authors to joint publication should be declared in this section.

Policy on authorship criteria
Anyone who made major contributions to the writing of the manuscript should be listed as an author. All authors listed on the manuscript should have contributed significantly to the conceptualization, design, collection, collation or analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors should have been involved in the writing of the manuscript at draft and any revision stages, and have read and approved the final version. Any other individuals who made less substantive contributions to the research or the writing of the manuscript should be listed in the acknowledgement section. Any change in authorship (including author order) after the initial manuscript submission must be approved in writing by all authors.

Authors’ Guarantee
All authors will be requested to complete and submit an author(s) guarantee form certifying that all authors named have contributed sufficiently to the work submitted and that the content of the manuscript has neither been previously published nor being considered for publication elsewhere.

Tables and Figures
All tables and figures must be clearly labelled with titles with each table/figure on a separate page. Tables and figures should be relevant to the theme of the articles and each table/figure should be provided in a separate page at the end of the main text. Tables/figures should be numbered sequentially using Arabic numeral, 1, 2, 3… in the order in which they are referred. Tables should complement and not duplicate results already presented in the manuscript. All figures (photographs, charts and diagrams) should be of good quality and colour.

Review Process
All manuscripts are initially screened by the Editor in-chief or any member of the Editorial Board to
assess the suitability of the paper with respect to conformity to journal scope and guidelines; before being subjected to peer-review by at least two reviewers who are experts in the relevant field. Reviewers are expected to declare any conflict of interest.
The review process is double-blinded and confidentiality is usually maintained throughout the process.
Decisions will be made as rapidly as possible and the JMBR strives to return reviewers’ comments to authors within 4 weeks. Acceptance or rejection is based on the comments of at least two reviewers and the Editorial Board, and communicated to the authors.

Policy on plagiarism
All submitted articles will be subjected to plagiarism testing. Any article identified to have been plagiarised will not be considered for publication and such cases will undergo investigation according to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines.

Access policy:
Full text of the Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is available free online at:
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jmbr and https:// www.jmbr.org

Indexing:
JMBR is indexed in African Journals Online (AJOL); Scopus; Asian Science Citation Index
(ASCI); Index Medicus; Bioline International; EBSCO

Article publication charge:

All manuscripts submitted for publication shall attract an article publication charge (APC) of sixty-five thousand naira (₦65,000.00) if the article is accepted for publication. The article publication charge should be paid to the journal account. The account detail is as follows:
Bank: Fidelity Bank
Account Name: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, College of Medical Sciences
Account Number: 5700153707
Contributors are to send a scanned copy of the evidence of payment to the Editor-in-Chief as email attachment: jmbr@uniben.edu

Copyright Notice:
Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES
African-based institutions $100
Non-African-based institutions $150
African individuals $100
Non-African individuals $150
Nigeria Library ₦5000

Single copy $200 (International)
Single copy ₦2500 (Local)

Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: Provosts Office, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.Invalid data type in setData:

The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is published by the College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin to encourage research into primary health care. The journal will publish original research articles, reviews, editorials, commentaries, case reports and letters to the editor. Articles are welcome in all branches of medicine and dentistry including basic sciences (anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, psychology, etc) and clinical sciences (internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, dental surgery, child health, laboratory sciences, radiology, community medicine, etc). Articles are also welcome from social science researchers that document the intermediating and background social factors influencing health in developing countries.

Other websites related to this journal:  http://jmbr.org

Invalid data type in setData:

Editor-In-Chief
Professor Wilson E. Sadoh

Editor
Professor Vivian. O. Omuemu

Associate Editors
Professor Austine O. Obasohan
Professor Ambrose O. Isah
Professor O. Akpata
Professor Kingsley O. Akhigbe
Professor Maureen I. Ebomoyi
Professor Henrietta A. Oboh
Professor O. A. Dawodu
Professor Mathias Emokpae
Professor F. A. Imariagbe
Professor G. I. Eze
Professor Alphonsus R. Isara
Professor Clement C. Azodo

Consulting Editors
Professor Friday E. Okonofua
Professor Vincent I. Iyawe
Professor Efosa Oviasu

Editorial Advisers
Professor Emeritus J. O. Ayanru
Professor Emeritus R. O. Ofoegbu
Professor Emeritus L. I. Ojogwu
Professor L. F. O. Obika
Professor Dr. (Med.) P. O. Abiodun

International Advisers
Professor Rebecca Cooke, Canada
Dr. John Grant, U.K
Professor Staffan Bergstrom, Sweden
Professor Fredsai, Ghana
Professor D. G. MacDonald, U.K

Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData:

Title: should not be too long and should reflect the essence of the study.

Abstract: should not be structured. It should be one or two paragraphs

Introduction and Discussion: should be of reasonable length; spelling and grammatical errors should be checked.

Methodology:  should be lucid and reproducible. If the method has been used by other researchers, it should be so stated an referenced.

Results: should be expressed where possible in tables, figures, micrographs etc. It should be well illustrated, have legends and numbered sequentially. The statistical method used should be stated.

Conclusion: there should be a definite conclusion and if possible recommendation.

References: should be in Vancouver style, numbered sequentially and should be placed superscript (i.e. inserted above the line) in the text.

Invalid data type in setData: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: African-based institutions $50
Non-African-based institutions $70
African individuals $50
Non-African individuals $60
Nigeria N1000
Single copy $30 (International) N500 (Local)

Local subscribers should include postage fee of N500.00.

NOTE: Cheques should be written in favour of Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: support@ajol.infoInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:

The names and email addresses entered here will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of AJOL. We take your privacy seriously and we protect your personal information, which will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party without your permission, or unless legal obligation compels us to do so.

Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: J. Med. Biomed. Res.Invalid data type in setData:

Publisher
The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research (JMBR) is published by the College of
Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

Peer Review
All manuscripts are initially screened by the Editor in-chief or any member of the Editorial Board to assess the suitability of the paper with respect to conformity to journal scope and guidelines; before being subjected to peer-review by at least two reviewers who are experts in the relevant field. Reviewers are expected to declare any conflict of interest.
The review process is double-blinded and confidentiality is usually maintained throughout the process. Decisions will be made as rapidly as possible and the JMBR strives to return reviewers’ comments to authors within 4 weeks. Acceptance or rejection is based on the comments of at least two reviewers and the Editorial Board, and communicated to the authors.

Publication Scheduling
Published biannually – June and December.

General
Hard Copy Subscriptions
Annual Subscription Rates
African-based institutions $100
Non-African-based institutions $150
African individuals $100
Non-African individuals $150
Nigeria Library ₦5000
Single copy $200 (International)
Single copy ₦2500 (Local)

Invalid data type in setData: jmbrInvalid data type in setData:

Aim and Scope
The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research (JMBR) is a multi-disciplinary biannual (June &
December) publication of the College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City.

The Journal will publish original research articles, reviews, case reports and short communications - editorials, commentaries, and letters to the Editor. The journal welcomes articles from all branches/subspecialties of Medicine and Dentistry, including Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology, Psychology, etc.) and Clinical Sciences (Internal Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dental Surgery, Child Health, Laboratory Sciences, Radiology, Community medicine, etc.) Articles are also welcome from Social Science researchers that document the social factors influencing health in developing countries.

Publication information for Authors
Submitted manuscripts will be considered for publications on the understanding that:

The following information provides guidance in preparing manuscripts:

General Instructions
Articles submitted for publication should be typed double-spaced in Microsoft-word format with one (1”) inch margins, right hand side should not be justified and font size should be 12p; for easy and quick peer-review and typesetting. Submissions are acceptable in British or American English. All accepted manuscripts will be edited according to the Journal’s style. Authors should note that manuscripts that do not conform to the Journal’s guidelines will not be reviewed.
All articles must include the correct names and address of all author(s) including their e-mail addresses and phone numbers. Articles will be subjected to a through peer-review process before any decision is made to publish or not. Authors should note that the Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is not under any obligation to publish articles submitted, as decision to publish will be based on recommendations of reviewers and the Editorial Board.

Manuscripts should be submitted as e-mail attachment to:
Editor-In-Chief, Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research
Email: jmbr@uniben.edu

This should be accompanied by a cover letter which should include the article title, corresponding author’s affiliation, email address and telephone number. The full names, affiliations and contact details of the co-authors should also be clearly indicated. Note that authors’ details should only appear on the cover page only, and not on any other page of the manuscript.
A manuscript reference number will be mailed to the corresponding author within two working days and the same thread of mail should be maintained for all correspondence with respect to the manuscript.

Manuscripts
Articles should be divided into the following sections:

Abstract
Articles must contain a structured abstract with the following sub-headings: Background, Methods, Results and Conclusion. Abstract should not be more than 250 words with up to 3 - 5 keywords.

Main Text
The main text of articles should be organized as follows: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion. Authors of review articles and short reports are requested to organize the body of their manuscript using headings/sub-headings appropriate to the material and discipline represented. Subsequent pages should follow this order: acknowledgement (on a separate page) references, appendix, figure captions, tables and figures. Do not place tables or figures in the main text.

References
References should be in the Vancouver style and numbered consecutively in the order in which they are mentioned in the text. Titles of journal should be abbreviated according to the Index. Authors must cross check and make sure all information provided in the reference citation is complete and correctly written.
Reference numbers should be inserted above the line on each occasion a references is cited in the text,
e.g.......as noted in other studies. 5 The format of referencing should be as published by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) in the British Medical Journal, 1998, volume 296, pages 401-405.
NOTE: Authors should include the Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) of referenced articles in the
reference section for all articles cited.

Conflict of interest: Authors must declare any competing financial and/or non-financial interests in relation to the work submitted.
Acknowledgement: Authors should use this section to acknowledge those who have not met the authorship criteria as outlined below.
Contributions to joint publication: A statement stating the contribution of individual authors to joint publication should be declared in this section.

Policy on authorship criteria
Anyone who made major contributions to the writing of the manuscript should be listed as an author. All authors listed on the manuscript should have contributed significantly to the conceptualization, design, collection, collation or analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors should have been involved in the writing of the manuscript at draft and any revision stages, and have read and approved the final version. Any other individuals who made less substantive contributions to the research or the writing of the manuscript should be listed in the acknowledgement section. Any change in authorship (including author order) after the initial manuscript submission must be approved in writing by all authors.

Authors’ Guarantee
All authors will be requested to complete and submit an author(s) guarantee form certifying that all authors named have contributed sufficiently to the work submitted and that the content of the manuscript has neither been previously published nor being considered for publication elsewhere.

Tables and Figures
All tables and figures must be clearly labelled with titles with each table/figure on a separate page. Tables and figures should be relevant to the theme of the articles and each table/figure should be provided in a separate page at the end of the main text. Tables/figures should be numbered sequentially using Arabic numeral, 1, 2, 3… in the order in which they are referred. Tables should complement and not duplicate results already presented in the manuscript. All figures (photographs, charts and diagrams) should be of good quality and colour.

Review Process
All manuscripts are initially screened by the Editor in-chief or any member of the Editorial Board to
assess the suitability of the paper with respect to conformity to journal scope and guidelines; before being subjected to peer-review by at least two reviewers who are experts in the relevant field. Reviewers are expected to declare any conflict of interest.
The review process is double-blinded and confidentiality is usually maintained throughout the process.
Decisions will be made as rapidly as possible and the JMBR strives to return reviewers’ comments to authors within 4 weeks. Acceptance or rejection is based on the comments of at least two reviewers and the Editorial Board, and communicated to the authors.

Policy on plagiarism
All submitted articles will be subjected to plagiarism testing. Any article identified to have been plagiarised will not be considered for publication and such cases will undergo investigation according to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines.

Access policy:
Full text of the Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is available free online at:
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jmbr and https:// www.jmbr.org

Indexing:
JMBR is indexed in African Journals Online (AJOL); Scopus; Asian Science Citation Index
(ASCI); Index Medicus; Bioline International; EBSCO

Article publication charge:

All manuscripts submitted for publication shall attract an article publication charge (APC) of sixty-five thousand naira (₦65,000.00) if the article is accepted for publication. The article publication charge should be paid to the journal account. The account detail is as follows:
Bank: Fidelity Bank
Account Name: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, College of Medical Sciences
Account Number: 5700153707
Contributors are to send a scanned copy of the evidence of payment to the Editor-in-Chief as email attachment: jmbr@uniben.edu

Copyright Notice:
Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES
African-based institutions $100
Non-African-based institutions $150
African individuals $100
Non-African individuals $150
Nigeria Library ₦5000

Single copy $200 (International)
Single copy ₦2500 (Local)

Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: Provosts Office, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.Invalid data type in setData:

The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is published by the College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin to encourage research into primary health care. The journal will publish original research articles, reviews, editorials, commentaries, case reports and letters to the editor. Articles are welcome in all branches of medicine and dentistry including basic sciences (anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, psychology, etc) and clinical sciences (internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, dental surgery, child health, laboratory sciences, radiology, community medicine, etc). Articles are also welcome from social science researchers that document the intermediating and background social factors influencing health in developing countries.

Other websites related to this journal:  http://jmbr.org

Invalid data type in setData:

Editor-In-Chief
Professor Wilson E. Sadoh

Editor
Professor Vivian. O. Omuemu

Associate Editors
Professor Austine O. Obasohan
Professor Ambrose O. Isah
Professor O. Akpata
Professor Kingsley O. Akhigbe
Professor Maureen I. Ebomoyi
Professor Henrietta A. Oboh
Professor O. A. Dawodu
Professor Mathias Emokpae
Professor F. A. Imariagbe
Professor G. I. Eze
Professor Alphonsus R. Isara
Professor Clement C. Azodo

Consulting Editors
Professor Friday E. Okonofua
Professor Vincent I. Iyawe
Professor Efosa Oviasu

Editorial Advisers
Professor Emeritus J. O. Ayanru
Professor Emeritus R. O. Ofoegbu
Professor Emeritus L. I. Ojogwu
Professor L. F. O. Obika
Professor Dr. (Med.) P. O. Abiodun

International Advisers
Professor Rebecca Cooke, Canada
Dr. John Grant, U.K
Professor Staffan Bergstrom, Sweden
Professor Fredsai, Ghana
Professor D. G. MacDonald, U.K

Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData:

Title: should not be too long and should reflect the essence of the study.

Abstract: should not be structured. It should be one or two paragraphs

Introduction and Discussion: should be of reasonable length; spelling and grammatical errors should be checked.

Methodology:  should be lucid and reproducible. If the method has been used by other researchers, it should be so stated an referenced.

Results: should be expressed where possible in tables, figures, micrographs etc. It should be well illustrated, have legends and numbered sequentially. The statistical method used should be stated.

Conclusion: there should be a definite conclusion and if possible recommendation.

References: should be in Vancouver style, numbered sequentially and should be placed superscript (i.e. inserted above the line) in the text.

Invalid data type in setData: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: African-based institutions $50
Non-African-based institutions $70
African individuals $50
Non-African individuals $60
Nigeria N1000
Single copy $30 (International) N500 (Local)

Local subscribers should include postage fee of N500.00.

NOTE: Cheques should be written in favour of Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData:

Welcome to African Journals Online (AJOL)!

Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change & under-development.

AJOL, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global & continental online access, awareness, quality & use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.

Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:

info@ajol.info

CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes inter alia all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright)

African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08

Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: J. Med. Biomed. Res.Invalid data type in setData:

Publisher
The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research (JMBR) is published by the College of
Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

Peer Review
All manuscripts are initially screened by the Editor in-chief or any member of the Editorial Board to assess the suitability of the paper with respect to conformity to journal scope and guidelines; before being subjected to peer-review by at least two reviewers who are experts in the relevant field. Reviewers are expected to declare any conflict of interest.
The review process is double-blinded and confidentiality is usually maintained throughout the process. Decisions will be made as rapidly as possible and the JMBR strives to return reviewers’ comments to authors within 4 weeks. Acceptance or rejection is based on the comments of at least two reviewers and the Editorial Board, and communicated to the authors.

Publication Scheduling
Published biannually – June and December.

General
Hard Copy Subscriptions
Annual Subscription Rates
African-based institutions $100
Non-African-based institutions $150
African individuals $100
Non-African individuals $150
Nigeria Library ₦5000
Single copy $200 (International)
Single copy ₦2500 (Local)

Invalid data type in setData: jmbrInvalid data type in setData:

Aim and Scope
The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research (JMBR) is a multi-disciplinary biannual (June &
December) publication of the College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City.

The Journal will publish original research articles, reviews, case reports and short communications - editorials, commentaries, and letters to the Editor. The journal welcomes articles from all branches/subspecialties of Medicine and Dentistry, including Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology, Psychology, etc.) and Clinical Sciences (Internal Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dental Surgery, Child Health, Laboratory Sciences, Radiology, Community medicine, etc.) Articles are also welcome from Social Science researchers that document the social factors influencing health in developing countries.

Publication information for Authors
Submitted manuscripts will be considered for publications on the understanding that:

The following information provides guidance in preparing manuscripts:

General Instructions
Articles submitted for publication should be typed double-spaced in Microsoft-word format with one (1”) inch margins, right hand side should not be justified and font size should be 12p; for easy and quick peer-review and typesetting. Submissions are acceptable in British or American English. All accepted manuscripts will be edited according to the Journal’s style. Authors should note that manuscripts that do not conform to the Journal’s guidelines will not be reviewed.
All articles must include the correct names and address of all author(s) including their e-mail addresses and phone numbers. Articles will be subjected to a through peer-review process before any decision is made to publish or not. Authors should note that the Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is not under any obligation to publish articles submitted, as decision to publish will be based on recommendations of reviewers and the Editorial Board.

Manuscripts should be submitted as e-mail attachment to:
Editor-In-Chief, Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research
Email: jmbr@uniben.edu

This should be accompanied by a cover letter which should include the article title, corresponding author’s affiliation, email address and telephone number. The full names, affiliations and contact details of the co-authors should also be clearly indicated. Note that authors’ details should only appear on the cover page only, and not on any other page of the manuscript.
A manuscript reference number will be mailed to the corresponding author within two working days and the same thread of mail should be maintained for all correspondence with respect to the manuscript.

Manuscripts
Articles should be divided into the following sections:

Abstract
Articles must contain a structured abstract with the following sub-headings: Background, Methods, Results and Conclusion. Abstract should not be more than 250 words with up to 3 - 5 keywords.

Main Text
The main text of articles should be organized as follows: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion. Authors of review articles and short reports are requested to organize the body of their manuscript using headings/sub-headings appropriate to the material and discipline represented. Subsequent pages should follow this order: acknowledgement (on a separate page) references, appendix, figure captions, tables and figures. Do not place tables or figures in the main text.

References
References should be in the Vancouver style and numbered consecutively in the order in which they are mentioned in the text. Titles of journal should be abbreviated according to the Index. Authors must cross check and make sure all information provided in the reference citation is complete and correctly written.
Reference numbers should be inserted above the line on each occasion a references is cited in the text,
e.g.......as noted in other studies. 5 The format of referencing should be as published by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) in the British Medical Journal, 1998, volume 296, pages 401-405.
NOTE: Authors should include the Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) of referenced articles in the
reference section for all articles cited.

Conflict of interest: Authors must declare any competing financial and/or non-financial interests in relation to the work submitted.
Acknowledgement: Authors should use this section to acknowledge those who have not met the authorship criteria as outlined below.
Contributions to joint publication: A statement stating the contribution of individual authors to joint publication should be declared in this section.

Policy on authorship criteria
Anyone who made major contributions to the writing of the manuscript should be listed as an author. All authors listed on the manuscript should have contributed significantly to the conceptualization, design, collection, collation or analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors should have been involved in the writing of the manuscript at draft and any revision stages, and have read and approved the final version. Any other individuals who made less substantive contributions to the research or the writing of the manuscript should be listed in the acknowledgement section. Any change in authorship (including author order) after the initial manuscript submission must be approved in writing by all authors.

Authors’ Guarantee
All authors will be requested to complete and submit an author(s) guarantee form certifying that all authors named have contributed sufficiently to the work submitted and that the content of the manuscript has neither been previously published nor being considered for publication elsewhere.

Tables and Figures
All tables and figures must be clearly labelled with titles with each table/figure on a separate page. Tables and figures should be relevant to the theme of the articles and each table/figure should be provided in a separate page at the end of the main text. Tables/figures should be numbered sequentially using Arabic numeral, 1, 2, 3… in the order in which they are referred. Tables should complement and not duplicate results already presented in the manuscript. All figures (photographs, charts and diagrams) should be of good quality and colour.

Review Process
All manuscripts are initially screened by the Editor in-chief or any member of the Editorial Board to
assess the suitability of the paper with respect to conformity to journal scope and guidelines; before being subjected to peer-review by at least two reviewers who are experts in the relevant field. Reviewers are expected to declare any conflict of interest.
The review process is double-blinded and confidentiality is usually maintained throughout the process.
Decisions will be made as rapidly as possible and the JMBR strives to return reviewers’ comments to authors within 4 weeks. Acceptance or rejection is based on the comments of at least two reviewers and the Editorial Board, and communicated to the authors.

Policy on plagiarism
All submitted articles will be subjected to plagiarism testing. Any article identified to have been plagiarised will not be considered for publication and such cases will undergo investigation according to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines.

Access policy:
Full text of the Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is available free online at:
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jmbr and https:// www.jmbr.org

Indexing:
JMBR is indexed in African Journals Online (AJOL); Scopus; Asian Science Citation Index
(ASCI); Index Medicus; Bioline International; EBSCO

Article publication charge:

All manuscripts submitted for publication shall attract an article publication charge (APC) of sixty-five thousand naira (₦65,000.00) if the article is accepted for publication. The article publication charge should be paid to the journal account. The account detail is as follows:
Bank: Fidelity Bank
Account Name: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, College of Medical Sciences
Account Number: 5700153707
Contributors are to send a scanned copy of the evidence of payment to the Editor-in-Chief as email attachment: jmbr@uniben.edu

Copyright Notice:
Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES
African-based institutions $100
Non-African-based institutions $150
African individuals $100
Non-African individuals $150
Nigeria Library ₦5000

Single copy $200 (International)
Single copy ₦2500 (Local)

Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: Provosts Office, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.Invalid data type in setData:

The Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research is published by the College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin to encourage research into primary health care. The journal will publish original research articles, reviews, editorials, commentaries, case reports and letters to the editor. Articles are welcome in all branches of medicine and dentistry including basic sciences (anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, psychology, etc) and clinical sciences (internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, dental surgery, child health, laboratory sciences, radiology, community medicine, etc). Articles are also welcome from social science researchers that document the intermediating and background social factors influencing health in developing countries.

Other websites related to this journal:  http://jmbr.org

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Editor-In-Chief
Professor Wilson E. Sadoh

Editor
Professor Vivian. O. Omuemu

Associate Editors
Professor Austine O. Obasohan
Professor Ambrose O. Isah
Professor O. Akpata
Professor Kingsley O. Akhigbe
Professor Maureen I. Ebomoyi
Professor Henrietta A. Oboh
Professor O. A. Dawodu
Professor Mathias Emokpae
Professor F. A. Imariagbe
Professor G. I. Eze
Professor Alphonsus R. Isara
Professor Clement C. Azodo

Consulting Editors
Professor Friday E. Okonofua
Professor Vincent I. Iyawe
Professor Efosa Oviasu

Editorial Advisers
Professor Emeritus J. O. Ayanru
Professor Emeritus R. O. Ofoegbu
Professor Emeritus L. I. Ojogwu
Professor L. F. O. Obika
Professor Dr. (Med.) P. O. Abiodun

International Advisers
Professor Rebecca Cooke, Canada
Dr. John Grant, U.K
Professor Staffan Bergstrom, Sweden
Professor Fredsai, Ghana
Professor D. G. MacDonald, U.K

Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal and publishing association.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData:

Title: should not be too long and should reflect the essence of the study.

Abstract: should not be structured. It should be one or two paragraphs

Introduction and Discussion: should be of reasonable length; spelling and grammatical errors should be checked.

Methodology:  should be lucid and reproducible. If the method has been used by other researchers, it should be so stated an referenced.

Results: should be expressed where possible in tables, figures, micrographs etc. It should be well illustrated, have legends and numbered sequentially. The statistical method used should be stated.

Conclusion: there should be a definite conclusion and if possible recommendation.

References: should be in Vancouver style, numbered sequentially and should be placed superscript (i.e. inserted above the line) in the text.

Invalid data type in setData: Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: African-based institutions $50
Non-African-based institutions $70
African individuals $50
Non-African individuals $60
Nigeria N1000
Single copy $30 (International) N500 (Local)

Local subscribers should include postage fee of N500.00.

NOTE: Cheques should be written in favour of Journal of Medicine and Biomedical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Childhood mortality is still of high magnitude in most developing countries and the death of a child is a tragedy for both the child's family and the community more so, when they are mainly due to preventable causes. Medicolegal death is the term used to describe any violent, unclear or suspicious death that must be subjected to legal  investigation. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics and pattern of medicolegal deaths as it concerns paediatric cases. This is a review of all medicolegal autopsies (MLA) involving children between ages 0 to 14 years seen in the department of Histopathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital between January 1990 and December 2009. A total of 551 childhoods MLA were recorded during the period under review, accounting for 12.3% of all medicolegal autopsies and 96% of all paediatric autopsies. Of this total, 427 (77.5%) cases were due to natural deaths; accidents, 20.7% (n=114) and homicides, 1.5% (n=8) while in 0.4% (n=2) of cases, the cause was undetermined. There were 304 males and 247 females giving a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Deaths due to respiratory infections, gastroenteritis and malaria accounted for 210 cases (38.1%) and were responsible for most of the deaths. Deaths due to accidental causes were also high. Infectious diseases are still a major cause of death in our environment and efforts should be made by concerned authorities to improve the level of awareness and health education among its populace. Appropriate measures to lower childhood fatalities due to road traffic  accidents needs to be made a top priority.Invalid data type in setData: A retrospective study of paediatric medicolegal autopsies at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, NigeriaInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: NwaforInvalid data type in setData: CCInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: UgiagbeInvalid data type in setData: EEInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: AkhiwuInvalid data type in setData: WOInvalid data type in setData: enInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData:

Welcome to African Journals Online (AJOL)!

Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change & under-development.

AJOL, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global & continental online access, awareness, quality & use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.

Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData:

info@ajol.info

CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes inter alia all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright)

African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08

Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: admin, 91814-232619-1-CE.pdfInvalid data type in setData: admin, 91814-232619-1-CE.pdf%PDF-1.6 % 12 0 obj <> endobj xref 12 24 0000000016 00000 n 0000000987 00000 n 0000001048 00000 n 0000001349 00000 n 0000002288 00000 n 0000003216 00000 n 0000004105 00000 n 0000005144 00000 n 0000006068 00000 n 0000006894 00000 n 0000007675 00000 n 0000008424 00000 n 0000008646 00000 n 0000008863 00000 n 0000009087 00000 n 0000009315 00000 n 0000009544 00000 n 0000010453 00000 n 0000010677 00000 n 0000011585 00000 n 0000011817 00000 n 0000012725 00000 n 0000012962 00000 n 0000000776 00000 n trailer <<8E8DB75357B0CF47BC445C171CBF52B8>]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 35 0 obj<>stream xb```b``ve`e`ge@^(  & +g&@v]CHʶMUAl B1M.Q]mgX2038u}́_gDf`XzH3a0e endstream endobj 13 0 obj<> endobj 14 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Type/Page>> endobj 15 0 obj<>stream HVMo8୻@=hQFD\R;H%CA}l?r͛y9eˋϷ7G6oo9^_mk5s8> FB3?no8B{CG$A]Ɣa20paEb^1!=u7՘H0 "?"c!E.Z)W NQa v~Mz]D"6%xǝA|O6~]^Skȷ>Swb)!!pǔJ;bC5cUWza(7|3Գ %bbraW.цNj?6*K\*) WY>bۜ!~6N$$է+6N)O: \8M .z)q1vGRs7 1uNXR Tr5BbiVV!)K, Ta6 Y8 V^JA gSm0tchIns=C]oe**-b%ѥwcҡ:6 npkJ]ٟsL:>n" Ø줅yrY*WKsL^sT1ֱD16Q4b8o8mpA7Um `^SWF[jò} M66ET09,K]\Hj> Z%(z{]틆6a+Gx1ϛ)(ݔ&F^N հ-Փmy<>:sN+@7T{5L`M3 endstream endobj 16 0 obj<>stream HtVK0iXo;Gܸxqϔ839|C=zs'3ӛyP˜OqńbaWJ%g\zb[f}wB!¡ŧ9.%BIyb:Ǚɺ}-SJf`HֽB 0I}ZQ<)!qS#JܜʭCX|LSmEI])y }2'Pp^j½}sTjč>ik)`!:i2 9/TBsP5d𛔾ڃ7v`o޵Oqǧ8w 辦:z[ЕR8QqC.?<.]%܅"6^!{%[qqnox۔/q$I]_D-X7ܹƵ‚yNF ! 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