Invalid data type in setData: jaeInvalid data type in setData: <h3>Peer Review</h3><p>All articles submitted to the Journal undergo double-blind peer-review. The reviewers have no access to the identity of the authors, and the authors do not know who the reviewers are. Members of the editorial team/board/guest editors are permitted to submit their own papers to the journal. In a situation where an author or authors are associated with the journal, they will be removed from all editorial tasks for that paper and another member of the team will be assigned responsibility for overseeing peer review. A competing interest must also be declared within the submission.</p>
<p>Each article on submission is reviewed for relevance to the scope of the Journal by the Editor-In-Chief.&nbsp;<strong>Article are screened for plagiarism using the Turnitin programme with a maximum of 25% limit on similarity, for it to go into the review process.</strong>&nbsp;Articles that do not meet the basic criteria are rejected at this stage and authors promptly informed. Articles that meet basic requirements are initially reviewed by at least two reviewers. The recommendation of the reviewers informs the decision of the editorial board to accept on the conditions that the concerns raised by the reviewers are addressed (the article is back to the authors to address the reviewers’ concerns) or to reject. Where there is a notable disagreement between the reports of the two initial reviewers, a third reviewer may be consulted. JAE aims to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.</p>
<p><strong>Guide to Reviewers</strong></p>
<p>Your invitation to serve as a reviewer in the peer review process is based on trust. Reviewers must maintain confidentiality, treat all manuscripts and materials confidentially and must not communicate directly with authors.</p>
<p>In order to ensure this, follow this step before you start the review process:<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click Review on the Microsoft<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click the dropdown under Track Changes<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click “Change user name”<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Then Change your user name to “Reviewer”<br>JAE aims is to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.</p>
<p>Articles are initially reviewed by at least two Reviewers.</p>
<p>Reviewers should read the JAE Guide to Authors and&nbsp; pay attention to the following<strong>:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">manuscript is written in clear and concise English;</li>
<li class="show">the title is specific and reflecting the content of the manuscript;</li>
<li class="show">the Abstract is brief and describing the purpose, method, major findings, conclusion and recommendations of the work;</li>
<li class="show">Tables are appropriate and clearly presented. Should anyone be simplified or condensed? Should any be omitted;</li>
<li class="show">Figures are justified and clear with fonts proportionate to the size of the figure. Do the figures describe the data accurately;</li>
<li class="show">Trade Names, Abbreviations, and&nbsp; Symbols are properly used where indicated;</li>
<li class="show">the methods are appropriate and presented in sufficient detail to allow the results to be repeated;</li>
<li class="show">data adequate to support the conclusions;</li>
<li class="show">are all the objectives covered in the presented results;</li>
<li class="show">are all the results provided for in the objective;</li>
<li class="show">are all conclusions based on results? Does the conclusion explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward?</li>
</ul>
<p>JAE expects reviewers to provide on time, a thorough and comprehensive report. Provide useful comments for authors and a clear recommendation to the Editor. Reviewers are at liberty to use the JAE review platform on JAE website (<a href="http://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org/">https://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>&nbsp;or send a report following the criteria by email to the Editor-in-Chief: agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com&nbsp; &nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org">editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org</a></p>
<p>For more information:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.aesonnigeria.org/jsupport/reviewer.pdf">Reviewer’s information</a></p>
<p>Please Download AESON Reviewer's Report Form Download Fill and Upload,&nbsp;<a href="https://journal.aesonnigeria.org/jsupport/reviewform.doc">Click to download</a></p><h3>Open Access Policy</h3><p>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p>
<p>JAE is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.</p>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Licensing and Copyright </strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license author retains copyright and users are permitted to copy and distribute the article (non-commercially). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License</a>,&nbsp;that allows others to share the <u>work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal. </u>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, or on their website) prior to and during the submission process.</p><h3>Publication Scheduling</h3><p>The Journal publishes four issues in a year (January, April, July and October).</p><h3>General</h3><div id="about">
<div>
<div id="about">
<p>Publishing in the Journal of Agricultural Extension, (<em>JAE</em>) involves the author, the journal editor, the reviewer, the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria and other key stakeholders and service providers. Each actor plays an important role in meeting the expected ethical standards at all stages from submission to publication of an article.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension is committed to meeting and upholding standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process.&nbsp;The Journal follows closely the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) that set standards and provide guidelines for best practices in order to meet these requirements.&nbsp; The Journal subscribes to COPE’s Code of conduct and best practice guidelines for journal editors. &nbsp;Below is a summary of the Journals key expectations of editors, peer-reviewers, authors, and the Society.</p>
<p><strong>Ethical Expectations</strong></p>
<p><strong>Editors’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To act in a balanced, objective and fair way while carrying out their expected duties, without discrimination on grounds of gender, sexual orientation, religious or political beliefs, ethnic or geographical origin of the authors.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To handle submissions for sponsored supplements or special issues in the same way as other submissions, so that articles are considered and accepted solely on their academic merit and without commercial influence.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To adopt and follow reasonable procedures in the event of complaints of an ethical or conflict nature, in accordance with the policies and procedures of the Society where appropriate.&nbsp;To give authors a reasonable opportunity to respond to any complaints.&nbsp;All complaints should be investigated no matter when the original publication was approved. Documentation associated with any such complaints should be retained.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Reviewers’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To contribute to the decision-making process, and to assist in improving the quality of the published paper by reviewing the manuscript objectively, in a timely manner</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To maintain the confidentiality of any information supplied by the editor or author.&nbsp;To not retain or copy the manuscript.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To alert the editor to any published or submitted content that is substantially similar to that under review.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To be aware of any potential conflicts of interest (financial, institutional, collaborative or other relationships between the reviewer and author) and to alert the editor to these, if necessary withdrawing their services for that manuscript.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Authors’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To maintain accurate records of data associated with their submitted manuscript, and to supply or provide access to these data, on reasonable request.&nbsp;Where appropriate and where allowed by employer, funding body and others who might have an interest, to deposit data in a suitable repository or storage location, for sharing and further use by others.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To confirm/assert that the manuscript as submitted is not under consideration or accepted for publication elsewhere.&nbsp;Where portions of the content overlap with published or submitted content, to acknowledge and cite those sources.&nbsp;Additionally, to provide the editor with a copy of any submitted manuscript that might contain overlapping or closely related content.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To confirm that all the work in the submitted manuscript is original and to acknowledge and cite content reproduced from other sources.&nbsp;To obtain permission to reproduce any content from other sources.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Submission of an article to the Journal of Agricultural Extension is taken as a declaration and implies that the publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">&nbsp;The Journal holds authors responsible for keeping to the highest ethics in publishing, particularly with fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Authors should screen their articles for similarity and plagiarism indicating the programme used and the score.</li>
<li class="show">To declare any potential conflicts of interest (e.g where the author has a competing interest (real or apparent) that could be considered or viewed as exerting an undue influence on his or her duties at any stage during the publication process).</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To notify promptly the journal editor if a significant error in their publication is identified.&nbsp;To cooperate with the editor to publish an erratum, addendum, corrigendum notice, or to retract the paper, where this is deemed necessary.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Publisher or Society’s responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">The Agricultural Extension Society shall ensure that good practice is maintained to the standards outlined under ethical responsibilities above.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">The Agricultural Extension Society assures subscription to the principles outlined under ethical responsibilities above.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Procedures For Dealing with Unethical Behaviour</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Identification of unethical behaviour</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Misconduct and unethical behaviour may be identified and brought to the attention of the editor and publisher at any time, by anyone.</li>
<li class="show">Misconduct and unethical behaviour may include, but need not be limited to, examples as outlined above.&nbsp;</li>
<li class="show">Whoever informs the editor or publisher of such conduct should provide sufficient information and evidence in order for an investigation to be initiated.&nbsp;All allegations shall be taken seriously and treated in the same way, until a successful decision or conclusion is reached.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Investigation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">An initial decision should be taken by the editor, who shall consult with or seek advice from the publisher, if appropriate.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Evidence should be gathered, while avoiding spreading any allegations beyond those who need to know.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Minor breaches</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Minor misconduct might be dealt with without the need to consult more widely.&nbsp;In any event, the author shall be given the opportunity to respond to any allegations.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Serious breaches</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show" style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li class="show" style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li class="show">Serious misconduct might require that the employers of the accused be notified.&nbsp;The editor, in consultation with the Society, shall make the decision whether or not to involve the employers, either by examining the available evidence themselves or by further consultation with a limited number of experts.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Outcomes&nbsp;</strong>(in increasing order of severity; may be applied separately or in conjunction)</p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Informing or educating the author or reviewer where there appears to be a misunderstanding or misapplication of acceptable standards.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">A more strongly worded letter to the author or reviewer covering the misconduct and as a warning to future behaviour.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Publication of a formal notice detailing the misconduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Publication of an editorial detailing the misconduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">A formal letter to the head of the author’s or reviewer’s department or funding agency.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Formal retraction or withdrawal of a publication from the journal, in conjunction with informing the head of the author or reviewer’s department, Abstracting &amp; Indexing services and the readership of the publication.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Imposition of a formal embargo on contributions from an individual for a defined period.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Reporting the case and outcome to a professional organization or higher authority for further investigation and action.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Plagiarism Policy</strong></p>
<p>Plagiarism is unacknowledged copying or an attempt to misattribute original authorship, whether of ideas, text or results. Plagiarism can include, theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work. Plagiarism can be said to have clearly occurred when large chunks of text have been cut-and-pasted without appropriate and unambiguous attribution. Such manuscripts would not be considered for publication in a Journal of Agricultural Extension. Apart from wholesale verbatim reuse of text, due care must be taken to ensure appropriate attribution and citation when paraphrasing and summarising the work of others. Reuse of parts of text from an author's previous research publication is a form of self-plagiarism so, due caution must be exercised. When reusing text, whether from the author's own publication or that of others, appropriate attribution and citation is necessary to avoid creating a misleading perception of unique contribution for the reader.</p>
<p>Duplicate (or redundant) publication occurs when an authors reuse substantial parts of their own published work without providing the appropriate references. This can range from publishing an identical paper in multiple journals, to only adding a small amount of new data to a previously published paper.</p>
<p>JAE editors assess all such cases on their individual merits through the review process. When plagiarism becomes evident post-publication, JAE may correct, withdraw the original publication, or place the information on the community platform, depending on the degree of plagiarism, context within the published article and its impact on the overall integrity of the published study.</p>
<p><strong>Repository Policy</strong></p>
<p><strong>J</strong>AE encourages authors to freely deposit versions [submitted version, accepted version (author accepted manuscript), published version (version of record)] of their work in an institutional or other repository of their choice.</p>
<h2 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Archiving </span></h2>
<p>This Journal utilizes the CLOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the Journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The Journal is also hosted and achieved on the website of the African Journal Online (AJOL)</p>
<h2 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hosting and Abstracting</span></h2>
<p>The Journal is online on the Journal of Agricultural Extension website (<a href="http://journal.aesonnigeria.org/">https://journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>) and is hosted online by the African Journal-on-line at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae">https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae</a>. it is presently abstracted by EBSCO host Electronic Journals Service (EJS), Google Scholar, Journal Seek, Scientific Commons, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the CAB Abstracts, Global Health Databases and Scopus.</p>
<p><strong>Executive of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria (2021-2024)</strong></p>
<ol>
<li class="show"><strong>Idrisa, Yusuf Lawan </strong>(Prof). [<strong>President]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension Services,<br>University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria<br>Email: <a href="mailto:yuzaat696@gmail.com">yuzaat696@gmail.com</a>&nbsp;<br>Phone: +2348030605207<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1136">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1136</a></p>
<ol start="2">
<li class="show"><strong>Meludu, Nkiru Theresa </strong>(Prof). [<strong>Vice-President]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension,<br>Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.&nbsp;<br>Email: <a href="mailto:nkiru_m@yahoo.com">nkiru_m@yahoo.com</a> ;&nbsp; <a href="mailto:nt.meludu@unizik.edu.ng">nt.meludu@unizik.edu.ng</a> &nbsp;<br>Phone: +2348023250457,&nbsp;<br><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-6903">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-6903</a></p>
<ol start="3">
<li class="show"><strong>Elisha-Nissi, David [General Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI)<br>P.M.B.1343, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria<br>Email: nissydave@gmail.com<br>Phone: 07066721307</p>
<ol start="4">
<li class="show"><strong>Dr Yakubu, D. Haruna. [Treasurer]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto<br>Email; dhyakubu3@gmail.com<br>Phone: 08036794572</p>
<ol start="5">
<li class="show"><strong>Olajide, Bamidele Rasak </strong>(Dr). <strong>[Publicity Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>University of Ibadan<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:r.olajide@gmail.com">r.olajide@gmail.com</a><br>Phone: +2348034077794<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-2235">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-2235</a></p>
<ol start="6">
<li class="show"><strong>Nwobodo, Cynthia Ebere&nbsp;</strong>(Dr).[ <strong>Assistant General Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension<br>University of Nigeria Nsukka<br>Email: <a href="mailto:cynthia.nwobodo@unn.edu.ng">cynthia.nwobodo@unn.edu.ng</a><br>Phone: +234-8039462574&nbsp;<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-6498">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-6498</a></p>
<ol start="7">
<li class="show"><strong>Akinbile, Luqman Abiodun </strong>(Prof). <strong>[Ex-Officio&nbsp; Member (Immediate Past President)]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>University of Ibadan, Nigeria<br>Emails: lakinbile@yahoo.com&nbsp; /&nbsp; la.akinbile@mail.ui.edu.ng<br>Phone: +2348023250454<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-038X">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-038X</a></p>
<ol start="8">
<li class="show"><strong>Professor Michael Chukwuneke Madukwe. [Editor-in-Chief}</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Editor-in-Chief<br>Department of Agricultural Extension<br>University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<br>Emails: <a href="mailto:michael.madukwe@unn.edu.ng">michael.madukwe@unn.edu.ng</a> / &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="mailto:madukwemichael@yahoo.com">madukwemichael@yahoo.com</a><br>Phone: +2348037006968<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-3551">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-3551</a></p>
</div>Invalid data type in setData: JAEInvalid data type in setData: <p><strong>Submission of manuscript</strong></p>
<p>Articles should be type-written in English, double spaced on only one side of A4 (210 by 297mm) paper and not more than 15 double spaced pages.( using one-inch margins with Arial Theme and 12-point), inclusive of references, tables, figures and appendixes. Articles should be uploaded on the Journal website (<a href="http://www.aesonnigeria.org/">journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>). JAE reserves the right to ask authors to shorten excessively long papers before they are entered in the review process. However, JAE recognizes that papers intended to make very extensive contributions or that require additional space for data presentation or references may require more pages.</p>
<ul>
<li>At the point of submission&nbsp;each articles should indicate on&nbsp; the first page the title of manuscript</li>
<li>Capitalise first letter of each word of the title</li>
<li>At the point of submission&nbsp;<strong>do not include</strong>&nbsp;authors name, address, email and phone number inside the manuscript&nbsp;<strong>to allow blind review.&nbsp;</strong>&nbsp;Include all the authors, and the associated information of each author on the metadata.&nbsp;<strong>JAE discourages the practice of including additional authors names after acceptance of an article</strong>.</li>
<li>After acceptance,&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;include</strong>&nbsp;all the authors in the metadata inside the paper one by one indicating name (surname and first names in full), address, email,&nbsp; phone number, and ORCID number</li>
<li>Type surname and other names in full followed by address&nbsp;below the title</li>
<li>Capitalise&nbsp;the first letters of each name</li>
<li>The names of the author(s) should be followed by the abstract and subsequent parts of the article.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Section heading</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Capitalised only the first letter of each word or of proper nouns of the section head</li>
<li>Sub-section heads should be flushed left</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>&nbsp;Tables:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Number each table in Roman Numerals followed by a colon and the title</li>
<li>Give each table an explicit title</li>
<li>Capitalise the first letter of each proper nouns in the table title</li>
<li>Place the title of each table on top of the table</li>
<li>Do not use frequencies and percentages as separate columns in a table. Use percentages and indicate the sample size in bracket after the word percentage</li>
<li>Indicate boarders of table row headings, sub headings sub-total and total</li>
<li>Type table(s) in exact text location(s)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Figures:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Number each figure</li>
<li>Give an appropriate title to each figure</li>
<li>Capitalise the first letter of each nouns in the figure title</li>
<li>Place the title of each figure below the figure</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>References and citations</strong></p>
<p>Follow the style of the 7<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;edition of the American Psychological Association (APA)</p>
<p>The APA style is common in agricultural extension and is presented here. It should be noted that while APA style changes over time (see APA Website for latest information) Science publishers use variants that only approximate the current version. Depending on the style adopted or recommended by the publisher, institution/association or funding agency, the author must painstakingly maintain a high level of consistency. This can only be achieved through practice. The sample format below is taken from the 7<sup>th</sup> edition of APA Website. You should make a habit to always consult the website to guide your citations and referencing</p>
<p><strong>Sample Format for Reference List Based on the APA Style </strong></p>
<p>(Most of the presentations here were taken from the APA website and from Gajjar, and Nagalpur, 2013). Please note the references used in this section are for illustration only.</p>
<p><strong>1. Authors</strong></p>
<p>Write all authors’ names begin with the surname(s), followed by their initials. If there is no author, place the title in the author position.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<ol>
<li><strong>One author</strong>: Qing, S. (2020) Gender role attitudes and males-female income differences in China. <em>Journal of Chinese Sociology</em> 7 (12) 1-23 020) 7:12 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w</a></li>
<li><strong>&nbsp;Two authors:</strong> Kehinde, A.D. &amp; Ogundeji, A.A. (2022). The simultaneous impact of access to credit and cooperative services on cocoa productivity in South-western Nigeria.&nbsp;<em>Agric &amp; Food Secur</em>ity 11,&nbsp;11 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00351-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00351-4</a></li>
<li><strong>&nbsp;3 to 20 authors (list all authors):</strong>&nbsp; Lamastra, L., Balderacchi, M., Di Guardo, A., Monchiero, M., &amp; Trevisan, M. (2016). A novel fuzzy expert system to assess the sustainability of the viticulture at the wine-estate scale. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.043</li>
<li><strong>No author:</strong>&nbsp; New Zealand’s ‘most instagrammed’ spot overrun by illegally parked cars. (2019, November 21). New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&amp;objectid=1228703<strong><br><br>2. Books<br></strong><strong>a. Book without DOI </strong></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics, publisher</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Barkway, D., &amp; O’Kane, D. (2020). Psychology: Introduction for health professionals. Elsevier.</p>
<p><strong>b. Book with DOI </strong></p>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 DOI</p>
<p>Note: This example does not have a publisher as the publisher is the same as the author.</p>
<p><strong>c. Online book </strong></p>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics, publisher</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>National Health Committee. (2015). The introduction of fit for purpose omics-based technologies–Think piece. Ministry of Health. https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/introduction-fit-purpose-omics-based-technologies-think-piece URL</p>
<p>Note: Include a DOI if one is given in place of the URL</p>
<p><strong>d. Books and e-books without DOI</strong></p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Udoye, C. E. (2022). Training needs of pineapple farmers: How use of ICT enhances production. Routledge</p>
<p><strong>e. Book Chapter (Chapter in an edited book) </strong></p>
<p>Author, year of publication, chapter title, don’t forget “In” book editor(s), book title in italics.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<p>a) Chand, N. (2019). Standardized turmeric and curcumin. In R. C. Gupta, A. Srivastava, &amp; R. Lall (Eds.), Nutraceuticals in veterinary medicine (pp. 3-24). Springer. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624</a></p>
<p>b) Igbokwe, E. M. (2021). Concepts in rural and agricultural sociology. In: M. C. Madukwe (Ed.) <em>Agricultural Extension in Nigeria</em>. (pp 23-34). Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria.</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Include a DOI after the publisher if available</p>
<p><strong>4. Scholarly Journals</strong></p>
<p><strong>a. Journal Article in Print</strong></p>
<p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Madukwe M. C. (2022). Rethinking agricultural extension in Nigeria: An insight into private sector approach. <em>Journal of Extension</em>, 13(1&amp;2), 51-62.DOI (Include the DOI after the page numbers if one is available).</p>
<p><strong>b. Journal Article – Online without DOI</strong></p>
<p>Author, year of publication, article title, journal title in italics, volume in italics, issue, pages</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Stanton, R. (2019). Dyslexia and oral skills: A student’s journey. <em>ATLAANZ Journal, 4</em>(1), 55-70. https://journal.atlaanz.org/index.php/ATLAANZ/article/view/63/112 URL</p>
<p><strong>c. Journal Article – Online with DOI </strong></p>
<p>Author(s),&nbsp; year of publication, article title, journal title in italics, volume in italics, issue, pages</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Issel, L. M., Bekemeier, B., &amp; Kneipp, S. (2012). A public health nurse research agenda. <em>Public Health Nursing, 29</em>(4), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00989.</p>
<p><strong>5. Conference Papers</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol start="2015">
<li>Park, H. M. (2015, October). Moon-Young Lee's nonviolence and transcendence ethics in conflict management. Paper Presented at the 3rd Meeting and Mini-conference: Moon-Young Lee's Public Administration and Asian Democracy, Jeonju Traditional Culture Center, Jeonju, Korea. October 23, 2015.</li>
<li>Park, H. M. (2015). Should e-government be transformational and participatory? An essay on e-government in the utilitarian mode of information technology use. Proceedings of the 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-48), Kauai, HI, January 5-8, 2015. 13.<br><br><strong>6. Magazine and Newspaper Articles</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number (issue umber if available), inclusive pages. Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.</p>
<p>When citing a URL or DOI of magazine or newspaper, use “Retrieved from” in APA style.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.</li>
<li>Smith, B. (2021, March). Sending money with a phone. Wireless Week, 14(6), 12-13. Retrieved from http://www.wirelessweek.com/articles/2008/03/sending-money-phone.</li>
<li>Fackler, M. (2022, April 24). Recriminations and regrets follow suicide of South Korean. The New York Times. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.nytimes.com">http://www.nytimes.com</a></li>
<li>Abdullahi, Ahmed (2022). Any new direction in Nigeria’s agricultural development. <em>Nation</em> <em>135 Thursday, July13,2012</em>, 16-19.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>7. Government/Agency Documents (Citing Report and Government Publication)</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Nations and American Society for Public Administration. (2002). Benchmarking egovernment: A global perspective. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/English.pdf</li>
<li>S. Geological Survey. (1994). Relations of changes in wastewater-treatment practices to changes in stream-water quality during 1978-88 in the Chicago area, Illinois, and implications for regional and national water-quality assessments, by Paul J. Terrio. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Retrieved from <a href="http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57435">http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57435</a>.</li>
<li>Park, Hun Myoung. (2015). Has information technology competence ever increased? Evidences from the Annual User Satisfaction Survey of Information Technology Services (Economics and Management Series EMS-2015-03). Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan.</li>
<li>Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (2022). <em>Bulletin of Statistics</em>, 41<sup>st</sup> CBN, Abuja Nigeria.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>8. Dissertations and Thesis (Citing a Master’s Thesis or Dissertation).</strong></p>
<p>You need to provide author name, publication date, sentence-cased title, type of a material, and institute’s name. A type of a material may be “PhD dissertation,” “PhD diss.,” or “master’s thesis.” A comma separates the type of a material from institute’s name. In APA, use “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” or “Unpublished master’s thesis” and a comma between the institution name and place (city)/country.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Madukwe, M. C. (2022). Differential adoption of agricultural innovation in Nigeria (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria</li>
<li>Gbana, N. S. H. (2022). Technological capabilities of actors in maize innovation system in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Taraba State University, Jalingo.</li>
<li>Oludare, B. C. (2022). Land use and agricultural development among hill peoples in Western Nigeria. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.<br><br><strong>9. Unpublished Papers and Reports</strong></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Agwu, A. E. (2021). Farmers’ perceptions of privatization of agricultural extension in&nbsp; Nigeria. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, 3-6 April, Nsukka.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Webpages</strong></li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li><strong>Webpage with date</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;Author, year of publication, web page title, website name, URL</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Cuncic, A. (2021). The Mandela effect. Verywellmind. <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-mandela-effect-4589394">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-mandela-effect-4589394</a></p>
<p><strong>10. Webpage without date</strong></p>
<p>Include (n.d.) in place of the publication date.</p>
<p>Author, no date, web page title, website name, URL</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Kalter, L. (n.d.). Ducks &amp; more: Animals offer flyers emotional support. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/balance/stressmanagement/news/20191125/ducks-more-animals-offer-flyers-emotional-suppor</p>
<p><strong>11. Periodicals</strong></p>
<p><strong>Monthly Periodical</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol start="11">
<li>Chandler-Crips, S. (2021, May). Aerobic writing; a writing practice model. <em>Writing Lab Newspaper</em>, pp. 9-11.</li>
<li>Buka T, (2021, July 13) Empowering farmers through Fadam programme. <em>The Nation,</em> pp .</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Online Periodical </strong></p>
<p>Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, retrieved month day, year, from full URL.</p>
<p><strong>Online Document </strong></p>
<p>Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL</p>
<p>Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a URL.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Devitt, T. (2021, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html</li>
<li>Dove, R. (2021). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html</li>
</ol>
<p>Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant programme or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.</p>
<ol>
<li>Hilts, P. J. (2020, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com</li>
<li>Fredrickson, B. L. (2021, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention &amp; Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html</li>
<li>GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/</li>
<li>Health Canada. (2020, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from http://www.hc sc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>12. Encyclopaedia and Dictionary</strong></p>
<p>Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Bergmann, P. G. (2020). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.</li>
<li>Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th Ed.). (2021). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.</li>
<li>Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (2021). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book.</li>
<li>Tobias, R. (2021). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia Americana. (p. 600). New York: Scholastic Library Publishing.</li>
<li>Stach, M. (2021). Boredom. In: <em>The encyclopedia of useless knowledge</em> (Vol. 13, pp. 123, 234).&nbsp; Scotts valley, CA: Bethany press.</li>
<li>Bergmann, P. G. (2021). Relativity. In <em>The new Encyclopaedia Brittanica </em>(Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica.</li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>13. In Case of No Author and Date </strong></p>
<p>Title (sentence capitalization). (n.d.). …</p>
<p><strong>Payment for Publication</strong></p>
<p>Submission and review are at no cost to the authors. The cost of the review process is borne by the Society.&nbsp; However, authors of accepted articles are required to pay a publication fee of ₦50,000 ($100). Authors of accepted articles that came through the annual or special conferences of the Society will be required to pay a publication charge of ₦ 15,000. The monies are specifically used to support part of the cost of publication, distribution of the hard copies of the Journal and related activities.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Publication Fee Waiver and Discounts&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p>JAE has provision for publication fee waiver and discounts for authors with demonstrated needs ( places in war crisis, prolonged natural disaster, physically challenged). Discounts vary from 10% to 50%. Application for waiver or discounts should be addressed to (agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com) indicating basis for the request.</p>
<p><strong>For payments by authors within Nigeria (Naira)</strong><br>Bank Name: Access Bank (Ilorin Branch)<br>Account Name: Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria<br>Account Number, 0020725578<br><br><strong>For payments by authors&nbsp;outside Nigeria (Dollar)</strong><br>Pay through:</p>
<p>Citibank New York<br>111, Wall Street<br>New York<br>N Y 10043<br>SWIFT CODE: CITIUS33<br>ABA .I. D: 012-000-089<br>ACOUNT NUMBER: 36145842</p>
<p>FOR FINAL CREDIT TO:<br>ACCESS Bank Nigeria</p>
<p>SWIFT CODE: ABNGNGLA</p>
<p>Name: Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria<br>Name of Bank: Access Bank<br>Account Number: 0688190790<br><br></p>
<p><strong>Authorship Policy</strong></p>
<p>Authorship provides credit for a researcher's contributions to a study and carries accountability. Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or have drafted the work or substantively revised it. Also expected is to have approved the submitted version (and any substantially modified version that involves the author's contribution to the study); agreed both to be personally accountable for the author's own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented.</p>
<p>JAE encourages collaboration with colleagues in the locations where the research is conducted, and expect their inclusion as co-authors when they fulfill all authorship criteria described above. Contributors who do not meet all criteria for authorship should be listed in the Acknowledgements section.</p>
<p><strong>Author contribution statements</strong></p>
<p>JAE encourages transparency by publishing author contribution statements. Authors are required to include a statement of responsibility in all types of manuscript.</p>
<p>JAE will require all authors of a research paper to sign the contract regarding authorship order as indicated below at submission. A summary will be part of the publication if accepted. The summary will indicate the overall percentage contribution to the study by each author and the specific activities performed by each author in backets.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Contract Regarding Authorship Order </strong></p>
<table width="986">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>We hereby enter into an agreement, as outlined below, regarding the authorship order for the publication of the article <em>tentatively </em>titled: ______________________________________________________________</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>FIRST AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="436">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="549">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table width="988">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>&nbsp;<strong>SECOND AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="437">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="551">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>&nbsp;<strong>THIRD AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="437">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="549">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table width="991">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="991">
<p>&nbsp;<strong>FOURTH AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="991">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="438">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="552">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="991">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;Date contract signed: _________</p>
<p>Submission to the journal is taken by the journal to mean that all the listed authors have agreed to all of the contents, including the author list and author contribution statements. JAE correspondence during the review of an article goes to all the authors. However, the corresponding author is responsible for submitting a competing interests' statement on behalf of all authors of the paper.</p>
<p>Any changes to the author list after submission, such as a change in the order of the authors or the deletion or addition of authors, must be approved by every author. JAE is not in a position to investigate or adjudicate authorship disputes before or after publication. Such disagreements, if they cannot be resolved amongst authors, should be directed to the relevant institutional authority.</p>
<p><strong>Author identification</strong></p>
<p>As part of our efforts to improve transparency and unambiguous attribution of scholarly contributions, all authors of published papers must provide their&nbsp;<a href="https://orcid.org/">Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID)</a>&nbsp;iD.</p>
<p>The primary affiliation for each author should be the institution where the majority of their work was done. If an author has subsequently moved, the current address may also be stated. Also required are the email address (preferably institutional email address) and phone number of each author.</p>
<p><strong>Consortia authorship</strong></p>
<p>A collective of authors can be listed as a consortium. If necessary, individual authors can be listed in both the main author list and as a member of a consortium. All authors within a consortium must be listed at the end of the paper.</p>Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/user/register">register</a> with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: University of NigeriaInvalid data type in setData: <h2>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</h2>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the <strong>CC BY-NC-ND </strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>The mission of the<em>&nbsp;Journal of Agricultural Extension</em>&nbsp;is to publish conceptual papers and empirical research that tests, extends, or builds agricultural extension theory and contributes to the practice of extension worldwide.</p>
<p><strong>Focus and Scope</strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension (JAE) is devoted to the advancement of knowledge of agricultural extension services and practice through the publication of original and empirically based research, focusing on; extension administration and supervision, programme planning, monitoring and evaluation, diffusion and adoption of innovations; extension communication models and strategies; extension research and methodological issues; nutrition extension; extension youth programme; women-in-agriculture; extension, marginalized and vulnerable groups, Climate Change and the environment, farm and produce security, ICT, innovation systems. JAE will normally not publish articles based on research covering very small geographic area (town community and local government areas/council/counties) that cannot feed into policy, except they present critical insights into new and emerging issues is agricultural extension and rural development.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>Prof. Michael C. Madukwe,</strong><strong><em> FAESON </em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Editor-in-Chief)<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria <br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">michael.madukwemc@unn.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">.; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">madukwemichael@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348037006968</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr Judih Kamoto (Associate Professor)<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acting College Director, Bunda College, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">P.O. Box 219, Liongwe, Malawi<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">jkamoto@luanar.ac.mw</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">judithkamoto@gmail.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +265995567000;&nbsp; +265888029196</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Edwin M. Igbokwe </strong><strong><em>FAESON<br></em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">edwin.igbokwe@unn.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">emigbo@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348034261915</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Chris J. Garforth<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Internal and Rural Development Department, School of Agricultural Policy and Development University of Reading, UK <br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">c.j.garforth@reading.ac.uk<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phone: +447730532746</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr. Musa A. Dube (Associate Professor)<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Education and Extension Faculty of Agriculture University of Swaziland P.O. Luyengo M205 Swaziland, Southern Africa<br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">madube@agric.uniswa.sz<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +26879737613</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr. R. Saravanan (</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Associate Professor) (Extension Education &amp; Rural Sociology)<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Social Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Central Agricultural University (CAU) </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pasighat- 791 102, Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">e-Mail: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">saravanan.raj@manage.gov.in</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://saravananraj@hotmail.com/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">saravananraj@hotmail.com/</span></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">saravananraj.manage@gmail.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mobile Phone No.: +91-8465007799</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. L. A. Akinbile<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.<br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">la.akinbile@mail.ui.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">lakinbile@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348023250454</span></p>Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: <h2>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</h2>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the <strong>CC BY-NC-ND </strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Journal of Agricultural ExtensionInvalid data type in setData: <p>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p>
<p>JAE is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.</p>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Licensing and Copyright </strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license author retains copyright and users are permitted to copy and distribute the article (non-commercially). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License</a>,&nbsp;that allows others to share the <u>work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal. </u>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, or on their website) prior to and during the submission process.</p>Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: <p>Your invitation to serve as a reviewer in the peer review process is based on trust. Reviewers must maintain confidentiality, treat all manuscripts and materials confidentially and must not communicate directly with authors.<br />JAE aims is to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.<br />Articles are initially reviewed by at least two Reviewers.<br />Reviewers should read the JAE Guide to Authors and pay attention to the following:</p><ul><li>manuscript is written in clear and concise English</li><li>the title is specific and reflecting the content of the manuscript</li><li>the Abstract is brief and describing the purpose of the work</li><li>Tables are appropriate and clearly presented. Should anyone be simplified or condensed? Should any be omitted?</li><li>Figures are justified and clear with fonts proportionate to the size of the figure. Do the figures describe the data accurately</li><li>Trade Names, Abbreviations, and Symbols are properly used where indicated</li><li>the methods are appropriate and presented in sufficient detail to allow the results to be repeated;</li><li>data adequate to support the conclusions;</li><li>all the objectives covered in the presented results;</li><li>all results are provided for in the objective;</li><li>all conclusions are based on results. Does the conclusion explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward?</li></ul><p>JAE expects reviewers to provide on time a thorough and comprehensive report. Provide useful comments for authors and a clear recommendation to the Editor. Reviewers are at liberty to use the JAE review platform on JAE website (http://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org or send a report following the criteria by email to the Editor-in-Chief  editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org or Journalagric.extension@hotmail.co.uk</p>Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: support@ajol.infoInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: <p>The names and email addresses entered here will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of AJOL. We take your privacy seriously and we protect your personal information, which will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party without your permission, or unless legal obligation compels us to do so.</p>Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: jaeInvalid data type in setData: <h3>Peer Review</h3><p>All articles submitted to the Journal undergo double-blind peer-review. The reviewers have no access to the identity of the authors, and the authors do not know who the reviewers are. Members of the editorial team/board/guest editors are permitted to submit their own papers to the journal. In a situation where an author or authors are associated with the journal, they will be removed from all editorial tasks for that paper and another member of the team will be assigned responsibility for overseeing peer review. A competing interest must also be declared within the submission.</p>
<p>Each article on submission is reviewed for relevance to the scope of the Journal by the Editor-In-Chief.&nbsp;<strong>Article are screened for plagiarism using the Turnitin programme with a maximum of 25% limit on similarity, for it to go into the review process.</strong>&nbsp;Articles that do not meet the basic criteria are rejected at this stage and authors promptly informed. Articles that meet basic requirements are initially reviewed by at least two reviewers. The recommendation of the reviewers informs the decision of the editorial board to accept on the conditions that the concerns raised by the reviewers are addressed (the article is back to the authors to address the reviewers’ concerns) or to reject. Where there is a notable disagreement between the reports of the two initial reviewers, a third reviewer may be consulted. JAE aims to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.</p>
<p><strong>Guide to Reviewers</strong></p>
<p>Your invitation to serve as a reviewer in the peer review process is based on trust. Reviewers must maintain confidentiality, treat all manuscripts and materials confidentially and must not communicate directly with authors.</p>
<p>In order to ensure this, follow this step before you start the review process:<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click Review on the Microsoft<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click the dropdown under Track Changes<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click “Change user name”<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Then Change your user name to “Reviewer”<br>JAE aims is to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.</p>
<p>Articles are initially reviewed by at least two Reviewers.</p>
<p>Reviewers should read the JAE Guide to Authors and&nbsp; pay attention to the following<strong>:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">manuscript is written in clear and concise English;</li>
<li class="show">the title is specific and reflecting the content of the manuscript;</li>
<li class="show">the Abstract is brief and describing the purpose, method, major findings, conclusion and recommendations of the work;</li>
<li class="show">Tables are appropriate and clearly presented. Should anyone be simplified or condensed? Should any be omitted;</li>
<li class="show">Figures are justified and clear with fonts proportionate to the size of the figure. Do the figures describe the data accurately;</li>
<li class="show">Trade Names, Abbreviations, and&nbsp; Symbols are properly used where indicated;</li>
<li class="show">the methods are appropriate and presented in sufficient detail to allow the results to be repeated;</li>
<li class="show">data adequate to support the conclusions;</li>
<li class="show">are all the objectives covered in the presented results;</li>
<li class="show">are all the results provided for in the objective;</li>
<li class="show">are all conclusions based on results? Does the conclusion explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward?</li>
</ul>
<p>JAE expects reviewers to provide on time, a thorough and comprehensive report. Provide useful comments for authors and a clear recommendation to the Editor. Reviewers are at liberty to use the JAE review platform on JAE website (<a href="http://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org/">https://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>&nbsp;or send a report following the criteria by email to the Editor-in-Chief: agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com&nbsp; &nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org">editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org</a></p>
<p>For more information:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.aesonnigeria.org/jsupport/reviewer.pdf">Reviewer’s information</a></p>
<p>Please Download AESON Reviewer's Report Form Download Fill and Upload,&nbsp;<a href="https://journal.aesonnigeria.org/jsupport/reviewform.doc">Click to download</a></p><h3>Open Access Policy</h3><p>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p>
<p>JAE is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.</p>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Licensing and Copyright </strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license author retains copyright and users are permitted to copy and distribute the article (non-commercially). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License</a>,&nbsp;that allows others to share the <u>work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal. </u>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, or on their website) prior to and during the submission process.</p><h3>Publication Scheduling</h3><p>The Journal publishes four issues in a year (January, April, July and October).</p><h3>General</h3><div id="about">
<div>
<div id="about">
<p>Publishing in the Journal of Agricultural Extension, (<em>JAE</em>) involves the author, the journal editor, the reviewer, the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria and other key stakeholders and service providers. Each actor plays an important role in meeting the expected ethical standards at all stages from submission to publication of an article.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension is committed to meeting and upholding standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process.&nbsp;The Journal follows closely the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) that set standards and provide guidelines for best practices in order to meet these requirements.&nbsp; The Journal subscribes to COPE’s Code of conduct and best practice guidelines for journal editors. &nbsp;Below is a summary of the Journals key expectations of editors, peer-reviewers, authors, and the Society.</p>
<p><strong>Ethical Expectations</strong></p>
<p><strong>Editors’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To act in a balanced, objective and fair way while carrying out their expected duties, without discrimination on grounds of gender, sexual orientation, religious or political beliefs, ethnic or geographical origin of the authors.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To handle submissions for sponsored supplements or special issues in the same way as other submissions, so that articles are considered and accepted solely on their academic merit and without commercial influence.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To adopt and follow reasonable procedures in the event of complaints of an ethical or conflict nature, in accordance with the policies and procedures of the Society where appropriate.&nbsp;To give authors a reasonable opportunity to respond to any complaints.&nbsp;All complaints should be investigated no matter when the original publication was approved. Documentation associated with any such complaints should be retained.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Reviewers’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To contribute to the decision-making process, and to assist in improving the quality of the published paper by reviewing the manuscript objectively, in a timely manner</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To maintain the confidentiality of any information supplied by the editor or author.&nbsp;To not retain or copy the manuscript.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To alert the editor to any published or submitted content that is substantially similar to that under review.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To be aware of any potential conflicts of interest (financial, institutional, collaborative or other relationships between the reviewer and author) and to alert the editor to these, if necessary withdrawing their services for that manuscript.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Authors’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To maintain accurate records of data associated with their submitted manuscript, and to supply or provide access to these data, on reasonable request.&nbsp;Where appropriate and where allowed by employer, funding body and others who might have an interest, to deposit data in a suitable repository or storage location, for sharing and further use by others.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To confirm/assert that the manuscript as submitted is not under consideration or accepted for publication elsewhere.&nbsp;Where portions of the content overlap with published or submitted content, to acknowledge and cite those sources.&nbsp;Additionally, to provide the editor with a copy of any submitted manuscript that might contain overlapping or closely related content.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To confirm that all the work in the submitted manuscript is original and to acknowledge and cite content reproduced from other sources.&nbsp;To obtain permission to reproduce any content from other sources.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Submission of an article to the Journal of Agricultural Extension is taken as a declaration and implies that the publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">&nbsp;The Journal holds authors responsible for keeping to the highest ethics in publishing, particularly with fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Authors should screen their articles for similarity and plagiarism indicating the programme used and the score.</li>
<li class="show">To declare any potential conflicts of interest (e.g where the author has a competing interest (real or apparent) that could be considered or viewed as exerting an undue influence on his or her duties at any stage during the publication process).</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To notify promptly the journal editor if a significant error in their publication is identified.&nbsp;To cooperate with the editor to publish an erratum, addendum, corrigendum notice, or to retract the paper, where this is deemed necessary.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Publisher or Society’s responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">The Agricultural Extension Society shall ensure that good practice is maintained to the standards outlined under ethical responsibilities above.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">The Agricultural Extension Society assures subscription to the principles outlined under ethical responsibilities above.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Procedures For Dealing with Unethical Behaviour</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Identification of unethical behaviour</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Misconduct and unethical behaviour may be identified and brought to the attention of the editor and publisher at any time, by anyone.</li>
<li class="show">Misconduct and unethical behaviour may include, but need not be limited to, examples as outlined above.&nbsp;</li>
<li class="show">Whoever informs the editor or publisher of such conduct should provide sufficient information and evidence in order for an investigation to be initiated.&nbsp;All allegations shall be taken seriously and treated in the same way, until a successful decision or conclusion is reached.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Investigation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">An initial decision should be taken by the editor, who shall consult with or seek advice from the publisher, if appropriate.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Evidence should be gathered, while avoiding spreading any allegations beyond those who need to know.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Minor breaches</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Minor misconduct might be dealt with without the need to consult more widely.&nbsp;In any event, the author shall be given the opportunity to respond to any allegations.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Serious breaches</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show" style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li class="show" style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li class="show">Serious misconduct might require that the employers of the accused be notified.&nbsp;The editor, in consultation with the Society, shall make the decision whether or not to involve the employers, either by examining the available evidence themselves or by further consultation with a limited number of experts.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Outcomes&nbsp;</strong>(in increasing order of severity; may be applied separately or in conjunction)</p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Informing or educating the author or reviewer where there appears to be a misunderstanding or misapplication of acceptable standards.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">A more strongly worded letter to the author or reviewer covering the misconduct and as a warning to future behaviour.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Publication of a formal notice detailing the misconduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Publication of an editorial detailing the misconduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">A formal letter to the head of the author’s or reviewer’s department or funding agency.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Formal retraction or withdrawal of a publication from the journal, in conjunction with informing the head of the author or reviewer’s department, Abstracting &amp; Indexing services and the readership of the publication.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Imposition of a formal embargo on contributions from an individual for a defined period.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Reporting the case and outcome to a professional organization or higher authority for further investigation and action.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Plagiarism Policy</strong></p>
<p>Plagiarism is unacknowledged copying or an attempt to misattribute original authorship, whether of ideas, text or results. Plagiarism can include, theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work. Plagiarism can be said to have clearly occurred when large chunks of text have been cut-and-pasted without appropriate and unambiguous attribution. Such manuscripts would not be considered for publication in a Journal of Agricultural Extension. Apart from wholesale verbatim reuse of text, due care must be taken to ensure appropriate attribution and citation when paraphrasing and summarising the work of others. Reuse of parts of text from an author's previous research publication is a form of self-plagiarism so, due caution must be exercised. When reusing text, whether from the author's own publication or that of others, appropriate attribution and citation is necessary to avoid creating a misleading perception of unique contribution for the reader.</p>
<p>Duplicate (or redundant) publication occurs when an authors reuse substantial parts of their own published work without providing the appropriate references. This can range from publishing an identical paper in multiple journals, to only adding a small amount of new data to a previously published paper.</p>
<p>JAE editors assess all such cases on their individual merits through the review process. When plagiarism becomes evident post-publication, JAE may correct, withdraw the original publication, or place the information on the community platform, depending on the degree of plagiarism, context within the published article and its impact on the overall integrity of the published study.</p>
<p><strong>Repository Policy</strong></p>
<p><strong>J</strong>AE encourages authors to freely deposit versions [submitted version, accepted version (author accepted manuscript), published version (version of record)] of their work in an institutional or other repository of their choice.</p>
<h2 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Archiving </span></h2>
<p>This Journal utilizes the CLOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the Journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The Journal is also hosted and achieved on the website of the African Journal Online (AJOL)</p>
<h2 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hosting and Abstracting</span></h2>
<p>The Journal is online on the Journal of Agricultural Extension website (<a href="http://journal.aesonnigeria.org/">https://journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>) and is hosted online by the African Journal-on-line at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae">https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae</a>. it is presently abstracted by EBSCO host Electronic Journals Service (EJS), Google Scholar, Journal Seek, Scientific Commons, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the CAB Abstracts, Global Health Databases and Scopus.</p>
<p><strong>Executive of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria (2021-2024)</strong></p>
<ol>
<li class="show"><strong>Idrisa, Yusuf Lawan </strong>(Prof). [<strong>President]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension Services,<br>University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria<br>Email: <a href="mailto:yuzaat696@gmail.com">yuzaat696@gmail.com</a>&nbsp;<br>Phone: +2348030605207<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1136">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1136</a></p>
<ol start="2">
<li class="show"><strong>Meludu, Nkiru Theresa </strong>(Prof). [<strong>Vice-President]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension,<br>Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.&nbsp;<br>Email: <a href="mailto:nkiru_m@yahoo.com">nkiru_m@yahoo.com</a> ;&nbsp; <a href="mailto:nt.meludu@unizik.edu.ng">nt.meludu@unizik.edu.ng</a> &nbsp;<br>Phone: +2348023250457,&nbsp;<br><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-6903">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-6903</a></p>
<ol start="3">
<li class="show"><strong>Elisha-Nissi, David [General Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI)<br>P.M.B.1343, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria<br>Email: nissydave@gmail.com<br>Phone: 07066721307</p>
<ol start="4">
<li class="show"><strong>Dr Yakubu, D. Haruna. [Treasurer]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto<br>Email; dhyakubu3@gmail.com<br>Phone: 08036794572</p>
<ol start="5">
<li class="show"><strong>Olajide, Bamidele Rasak </strong>(Dr). <strong>[Publicity Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>University of Ibadan<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:r.olajide@gmail.com">r.olajide@gmail.com</a><br>Phone: +2348034077794<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-2235">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-2235</a></p>
<ol start="6">
<li class="show"><strong>Nwobodo, Cynthia Ebere&nbsp;</strong>(Dr).[ <strong>Assistant General Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension<br>University of Nigeria Nsukka<br>Email: <a href="mailto:cynthia.nwobodo@unn.edu.ng">cynthia.nwobodo@unn.edu.ng</a><br>Phone: +234-8039462574&nbsp;<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-6498">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-6498</a></p>
<ol start="7">
<li class="show"><strong>Akinbile, Luqman Abiodun </strong>(Prof). <strong>[Ex-Officio&nbsp; Member (Immediate Past President)]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>University of Ibadan, Nigeria<br>Emails: lakinbile@yahoo.com&nbsp; /&nbsp; la.akinbile@mail.ui.edu.ng<br>Phone: +2348023250454<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-038X">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-038X</a></p>
<ol start="8">
<li class="show"><strong>Professor Michael Chukwuneke Madukwe. [Editor-in-Chief}</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Editor-in-Chief<br>Department of Agricultural Extension<br>University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<br>Emails: <a href="mailto:michael.madukwe@unn.edu.ng">michael.madukwe@unn.edu.ng</a> / &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="mailto:madukwemichael@yahoo.com">madukwemichael@yahoo.com</a><br>Phone: +2348037006968<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-3551">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-3551</a></p>
</div>Invalid data type in setData: JAEInvalid data type in setData: <p><strong>Submission of manuscript</strong></p>
<p>Articles should be type-written in English, double spaced on only one side of A4 (210 by 297mm) paper and not more than 15 double spaced pages.( using one-inch margins with Arial Theme and 12-point), inclusive of references, tables, figures and appendixes. Articles should be uploaded on the Journal website (<a href="http://www.aesonnigeria.org/">journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>). JAE reserves the right to ask authors to shorten excessively long papers before they are entered in the review process. However, JAE recognizes that papers intended to make very extensive contributions or that require additional space for data presentation or references may require more pages.</p>
<ul>
<li>At the point of submission&nbsp;each articles should indicate on&nbsp; the first page the title of manuscript</li>
<li>Capitalise first letter of each word of the title</li>
<li>At the point of submission&nbsp;<strong>do not include</strong>&nbsp;authors name, address, email and phone number inside the manuscript&nbsp;<strong>to allow blind review.&nbsp;</strong>&nbsp;Include all the authors, and the associated information of each author on the metadata.&nbsp;<strong>JAE discourages the practice of including additional authors names after acceptance of an article</strong>.</li>
<li>After acceptance,&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;include</strong>&nbsp;all the authors in the metadata inside the paper one by one indicating name (surname and first names in full), address, email,&nbsp; phone number, and ORCID number</li>
<li>Type surname and other names in full followed by address&nbsp;below the title</li>
<li>Capitalise&nbsp;the first letters of each name</li>
<li>The names of the author(s) should be followed by the abstract and subsequent parts of the article.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Section heading</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Capitalised only the first letter of each word or of proper nouns of the section head</li>
<li>Sub-section heads should be flushed left</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>&nbsp;Tables:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Number each table in Roman Numerals followed by a colon and the title</li>
<li>Give each table an explicit title</li>
<li>Capitalise the first letter of each proper nouns in the table title</li>
<li>Place the title of each table on top of the table</li>
<li>Do not use frequencies and percentages as separate columns in a table. Use percentages and indicate the sample size in bracket after the word percentage</li>
<li>Indicate boarders of table row headings, sub headings sub-total and total</li>
<li>Type table(s) in exact text location(s)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Figures:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Number each figure</li>
<li>Give an appropriate title to each figure</li>
<li>Capitalise the first letter of each nouns in the figure title</li>
<li>Place the title of each figure below the figure</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>References and citations</strong></p>
<p>Follow the style of the 7<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;edition of the American Psychological Association (APA)</p>
<p>The APA style is common in agricultural extension and is presented here. It should be noted that while APA style changes over time (see APA Website for latest information) Science publishers use variants that only approximate the current version. Depending on the style adopted or recommended by the publisher, institution/association or funding agency, the author must painstakingly maintain a high level of consistency. This can only be achieved through practice. The sample format below is taken from the 7<sup>th</sup> edition of APA Website. You should make a habit to always consult the website to guide your citations and referencing</p>
<p><strong>Sample Format for Reference List Based on the APA Style </strong></p>
<p>(Most of the presentations here were taken from the APA website and from Gajjar, and Nagalpur, 2013). Please note the references used in this section are for illustration only.</p>
<p><strong>1. Authors</strong></p>
<p>Write all authors’ names begin with the surname(s), followed by their initials. If there is no author, place the title in the author position.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<ol>
<li><strong>One author</strong>: Qing, S. (2020) Gender role attitudes and males-female income differences in China. <em>Journal of Chinese Sociology</em> 7 (12) 1-23 020) 7:12 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w</a></li>
<li><strong>&nbsp;Two authors:</strong> Kehinde, A.D. &amp; Ogundeji, A.A. (2022). The simultaneous impact of access to credit and cooperative services on cocoa productivity in South-western Nigeria.&nbsp;<em>Agric &amp; Food Secur</em>ity 11,&nbsp;11 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00351-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00351-4</a></li>
<li><strong>&nbsp;3 to 20 authors (list all authors):</strong>&nbsp; Lamastra, L., Balderacchi, M., Di Guardo, A., Monchiero, M., &amp; Trevisan, M. (2016). A novel fuzzy expert system to assess the sustainability of the viticulture at the wine-estate scale. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.043</li>
<li><strong>No author:</strong>&nbsp; New Zealand’s ‘most instagrammed’ spot overrun by illegally parked cars. (2019, November 21). New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&amp;objectid=1228703<strong><br><br>2. Books<br></strong><strong>a. Book without DOI </strong></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics, publisher</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Barkway, D., &amp; O’Kane, D. (2020). Psychology: Introduction for health professionals. Elsevier.</p>
<p><strong>b. Book with DOI </strong></p>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 DOI</p>
<p>Note: This example does not have a publisher as the publisher is the same as the author.</p>
<p><strong>c. Online book </strong></p>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics, publisher</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>National Health Committee. (2015). The introduction of fit for purpose omics-based technologies–Think piece. Ministry of Health. https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/introduction-fit-purpose-omics-based-technologies-think-piece URL</p>
<p>Note: Include a DOI if one is given in place of the URL</p>
<p><strong>d. Books and e-books without DOI</strong></p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Udoye, C. E. (2022). Training needs of pineapple farmers: How use of ICT enhances production. Routledge</p>
<p><strong>e. Book Chapter (Chapter in an edited book) </strong></p>
<p>Author, year of publication, chapter title, don’t forget “In” book editor(s), book title in italics.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<p>a) Chand, N. (2019). Standardized turmeric and curcumin. In R. C. Gupta, A. Srivastava, &amp; R. Lall (Eds.), Nutraceuticals in veterinary medicine (pp. 3-24). Springer. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624</a></p>
<p>b) Igbokwe, E. M. (2021). Concepts in rural and agricultural sociology. In: M. C. Madukwe (Ed.) <em>Agricultural Extension in Nigeria</em>. (pp 23-34). Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria.</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Include a DOI after the publisher if available</p>
<p><strong>4. Scholarly Journals</strong></p>
<p><strong>a. Journal Article in Print</strong></p>
<p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Madukwe M. C. (2022). Rethinking agricultural extension in Nigeria: An insight into private sector approach. <em>Journal of Extension</em>, 13(1&amp;2), 51-62.DOI (Include the DOI after the page numbers if one is available).</p>
<p><strong>b. Journal Article – Online without DOI</strong></p>
<p>Author, year of publication, article title, journal title in italics, volume in italics, issue, pages</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Stanton, R. (2019). Dyslexia and oral skills: A student’s journey. <em>ATLAANZ Journal, 4</em>(1), 55-70. https://journal.atlaanz.org/index.php/ATLAANZ/article/view/63/112 URL</p>
<p><strong>c. Journal Article – Online with DOI </strong></p>
<p>Author(s),&nbsp; year of publication, article title, journal title in italics, volume in italics, issue, pages</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Issel, L. M., Bekemeier, B., &amp; Kneipp, S. (2012). A public health nurse research agenda. <em>Public Health Nursing, 29</em>(4), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00989.</p>
<p><strong>5. Conference Papers</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol start="2015">
<li>Park, H. M. (2015, October). Moon-Young Lee's nonviolence and transcendence ethics in conflict management. Paper Presented at the 3rd Meeting and Mini-conference: Moon-Young Lee's Public Administration and Asian Democracy, Jeonju Traditional Culture Center, Jeonju, Korea. October 23, 2015.</li>
<li>Park, H. M. (2015). Should e-government be transformational and participatory? An essay on e-government in the utilitarian mode of information technology use. Proceedings of the 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-48), Kauai, HI, January 5-8, 2015. 13.<br><br><strong>6. Magazine and Newspaper Articles</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number (issue umber if available), inclusive pages. Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.</p>
<p>When citing a URL or DOI of magazine or newspaper, use “Retrieved from” in APA style.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.</li>
<li>Smith, B. (2021, March). Sending money with a phone. Wireless Week, 14(6), 12-13. Retrieved from http://www.wirelessweek.com/articles/2008/03/sending-money-phone.</li>
<li>Fackler, M. (2022, April 24). Recriminations and regrets follow suicide of South Korean. The New York Times. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.nytimes.com">http://www.nytimes.com</a></li>
<li>Abdullahi, Ahmed (2022). Any new direction in Nigeria’s agricultural development. <em>Nation</em> <em>135 Thursday, July13,2012</em>, 16-19.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>7. Government/Agency Documents (Citing Report and Government Publication)</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Nations and American Society for Public Administration. (2002). Benchmarking egovernment: A global perspective. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/English.pdf</li>
<li>S. Geological Survey. (1994). Relations of changes in wastewater-treatment practices to changes in stream-water quality during 1978-88 in the Chicago area, Illinois, and implications for regional and national water-quality assessments, by Paul J. Terrio. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Retrieved from <a href="http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57435">http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57435</a>.</li>
<li>Park, Hun Myoung. (2015). Has information technology competence ever increased? Evidences from the Annual User Satisfaction Survey of Information Technology Services (Economics and Management Series EMS-2015-03). Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan.</li>
<li>Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (2022). <em>Bulletin of Statistics</em>, 41<sup>st</sup> CBN, Abuja Nigeria.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>8. Dissertations and Thesis (Citing a Master’s Thesis or Dissertation).</strong></p>
<p>You need to provide author name, publication date, sentence-cased title, type of a material, and institute’s name. A type of a material may be “PhD dissertation,” “PhD diss.,” or “master’s thesis.” A comma separates the type of a material from institute’s name. In APA, use “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” or “Unpublished master’s thesis” and a comma between the institution name and place (city)/country.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Madukwe, M. C. (2022). Differential adoption of agricultural innovation in Nigeria (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria</li>
<li>Gbana, N. S. H. (2022). Technological capabilities of actors in maize innovation system in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Taraba State University, Jalingo.</li>
<li>Oludare, B. C. (2022). Land use and agricultural development among hill peoples in Western Nigeria. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.<br><br><strong>9. Unpublished Papers and Reports</strong></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Agwu, A. E. (2021). Farmers’ perceptions of privatization of agricultural extension in&nbsp; Nigeria. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, 3-6 April, Nsukka.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Webpages</strong></li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li><strong>Webpage with date</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;Author, year of publication, web page title, website name, URL</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Cuncic, A. (2021). The Mandela effect. Verywellmind. <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-mandela-effect-4589394">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-mandela-effect-4589394</a></p>
<p><strong>10. Webpage without date</strong></p>
<p>Include (n.d.) in place of the publication date.</p>
<p>Author, no date, web page title, website name, URL</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Kalter, L. (n.d.). Ducks &amp; more: Animals offer flyers emotional support. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/balance/stressmanagement/news/20191125/ducks-more-animals-offer-flyers-emotional-suppor</p>
<p><strong>11. Periodicals</strong></p>
<p><strong>Monthly Periodical</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol start="11">
<li>Chandler-Crips, S. (2021, May). Aerobic writing; a writing practice model. <em>Writing Lab Newspaper</em>, pp. 9-11.</li>
<li>Buka T, (2021, July 13) Empowering farmers through Fadam programme. <em>The Nation,</em> pp .</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Online Periodical </strong></p>
<p>Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, retrieved month day, year, from full URL.</p>
<p><strong>Online Document </strong></p>
<p>Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL</p>
<p>Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a URL.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Devitt, T. (2021, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html</li>
<li>Dove, R. (2021). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html</li>
</ol>
<p>Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant programme or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.</p>
<ol>
<li>Hilts, P. J. (2020, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com</li>
<li>Fredrickson, B. L. (2021, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention &amp; Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html</li>
<li>GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/</li>
<li>Health Canada. (2020, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from http://www.hc sc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>12. Encyclopaedia and Dictionary</strong></p>
<p>Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Bergmann, P. G. (2020). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.</li>
<li>Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th Ed.). (2021). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.</li>
<li>Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (2021). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book.</li>
<li>Tobias, R. (2021). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia Americana. (p. 600). New York: Scholastic Library Publishing.</li>
<li>Stach, M. (2021). Boredom. In: <em>The encyclopedia of useless knowledge</em> (Vol. 13, pp. 123, 234).&nbsp; Scotts valley, CA: Bethany press.</li>
<li>Bergmann, P. G. (2021). Relativity. In <em>The new Encyclopaedia Brittanica </em>(Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica.</li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>13. In Case of No Author and Date </strong></p>
<p>Title (sentence capitalization). (n.d.). …</p>
<p><strong>Payment for Publication</strong></p>
<p>Submission and review are at no cost to the authors. The cost of the review process is borne by the Society.&nbsp; However, authors of accepted articles are required to pay a publication fee of ₦50,000 ($100). Authors of accepted articles that came through the annual or special conferences of the Society will be required to pay a publication charge of ₦ 15,000. The monies are specifically used to support part of the cost of publication, distribution of the hard copies of the Journal and related activities.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Publication Fee Waiver and Discounts&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p>JAE has provision for publication fee waiver and discounts for authors with demonstrated needs ( places in war crisis, prolonged natural disaster, physically challenged). Discounts vary from 10% to 50%. Application for waiver or discounts should be addressed to (agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com) indicating basis for the request.</p>
<p><strong>For payments by authors within Nigeria (Naira)</strong><br>Bank Name: Access Bank (Ilorin Branch)<br>Account Name: Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria<br>Account Number, 0020725578<br><br><strong>For payments by authors&nbsp;outside Nigeria (Dollar)</strong><br>Pay through:</p>
<p>Citibank New York<br>111, Wall Street<br>New York<br>N Y 10043<br>SWIFT CODE: CITIUS33<br>ABA .I. D: 012-000-089<br>ACOUNT NUMBER: 36145842</p>
<p>FOR FINAL CREDIT TO:<br>ACCESS Bank Nigeria</p>
<p>SWIFT CODE: ABNGNGLA</p>
<p>Name: Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria<br>Name of Bank: Access Bank<br>Account Number: 0688190790<br><br></p>
<p><strong>Authorship Policy</strong></p>
<p>Authorship provides credit for a researcher's contributions to a study and carries accountability. Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or have drafted the work or substantively revised it. Also expected is to have approved the submitted version (and any substantially modified version that involves the author's contribution to the study); agreed both to be personally accountable for the author's own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented.</p>
<p>JAE encourages collaboration with colleagues in the locations where the research is conducted, and expect their inclusion as co-authors when they fulfill all authorship criteria described above. Contributors who do not meet all criteria for authorship should be listed in the Acknowledgements section.</p>
<p><strong>Author contribution statements</strong></p>
<p>JAE encourages transparency by publishing author contribution statements. Authors are required to include a statement of responsibility in all types of manuscript.</p>
<p>JAE will require all authors of a research paper to sign the contract regarding authorship order as indicated below at submission. A summary will be part of the publication if accepted. The summary will indicate the overall percentage contribution to the study by each author and the specific activities performed by each author in backets.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Contract Regarding Authorship Order </strong></p>
<table width="986">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>We hereby enter into an agreement, as outlined below, regarding the authorship order for the publication of the article <em>tentatively </em>titled: ______________________________________________________________</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>FIRST AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="436">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="549">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table width="988">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>&nbsp;<strong>SECOND AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="437">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="551">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>&nbsp;<strong>THIRD AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="437">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="549">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table width="991">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="991">
<p>&nbsp;<strong>FOURTH AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="991">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="438">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="552">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="991">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;Date contract signed: _________</p>
<p>Submission to the journal is taken by the journal to mean that all the listed authors have agreed to all of the contents, including the author list and author contribution statements. JAE correspondence during the review of an article goes to all the authors. However, the corresponding author is responsible for submitting a competing interests' statement on behalf of all authors of the paper.</p>
<p>Any changes to the author list after submission, such as a change in the order of the authors or the deletion or addition of authors, must be approved by every author. JAE is not in a position to investigate or adjudicate authorship disputes before or after publication. Such disagreements, if they cannot be resolved amongst authors, should be directed to the relevant institutional authority.</p>
<p><strong>Author identification</strong></p>
<p>As part of our efforts to improve transparency and unambiguous attribution of scholarly contributions, all authors of published papers must provide their&nbsp;<a href="https://orcid.org/">Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID)</a>&nbsp;iD.</p>
<p>The primary affiliation for each author should be the institution where the majority of their work was done. If an author has subsequently moved, the current address may also be stated. Also required are the email address (preferably institutional email address) and phone number of each author.</p>
<p><strong>Consortia authorship</strong></p>
<p>A collective of authors can be listed as a consortium. If necessary, individual authors can be listed in both the main author list and as a member of a consortium. All authors within a consortium must be listed at the end of the paper.</p>Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/user/register">register</a> with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: University of NigeriaInvalid data type in setData: <h2>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</h2>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the <strong>CC BY-NC-ND </strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>The mission of the<em>&nbsp;Journal of Agricultural Extension</em>&nbsp;is to publish conceptual papers and empirical research that tests, extends, or builds agricultural extension theory and contributes to the practice of extension worldwide.</p>
<p><strong>Focus and Scope</strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension (JAE) is devoted to the advancement of knowledge of agricultural extension services and practice through the publication of original and empirically based research, focusing on; extension administration and supervision, programme planning, monitoring and evaluation, diffusion and adoption of innovations; extension communication models and strategies; extension research and methodological issues; nutrition extension; extension youth programme; women-in-agriculture; extension, marginalized and vulnerable groups, Climate Change and the environment, farm and produce security, ICT, innovation systems. JAE will normally not publish articles based on research covering very small geographic area (town community and local government areas/council/counties) that cannot feed into policy, except they present critical insights into new and emerging issues is agricultural extension and rural development.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>Prof. Michael C. Madukwe,</strong><strong><em> FAESON </em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Editor-in-Chief)<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria <br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">michael.madukwemc@unn.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">.; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">madukwemichael@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348037006968</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr Judih Kamoto (Associate Professor)<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acting College Director, Bunda College, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">P.O. Box 219, Liongwe, Malawi<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">jkamoto@luanar.ac.mw</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">judithkamoto@gmail.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +265995567000;&nbsp; +265888029196</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Edwin M. Igbokwe </strong><strong><em>FAESON<br></em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">edwin.igbokwe@unn.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">emigbo@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348034261915</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Chris J. Garforth<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Internal and Rural Development Department, School of Agricultural Policy and Development University of Reading, UK <br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">c.j.garforth@reading.ac.uk<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phone: +447730532746</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr. Musa A. Dube (Associate Professor)<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Education and Extension Faculty of Agriculture University of Swaziland P.O. Luyengo M205 Swaziland, Southern Africa<br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">madube@agric.uniswa.sz<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +26879737613</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr. R. Saravanan (</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Associate Professor) (Extension Education &amp; Rural Sociology)<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Social Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Central Agricultural University (CAU) </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pasighat- 791 102, Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">e-Mail: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">saravanan.raj@manage.gov.in</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://saravananraj@hotmail.com/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">saravananraj@hotmail.com/</span></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">saravananraj.manage@gmail.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mobile Phone No.: +91-8465007799</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. L. A. Akinbile<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.<br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">la.akinbile@mail.ui.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">lakinbile@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348023250454</span></p>Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: <h2>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</h2>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the <strong>CC BY-NC-ND </strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Journal of Agricultural ExtensionInvalid data type in setData: <p>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p>
<p>JAE is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.</p>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Licensing and Copyright </strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license author retains copyright and users are permitted to copy and distribute the article (non-commercially). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License</a>,&nbsp;that allows others to share the <u>work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal. </u>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, or on their website) prior to and during the submission process.</p>Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: <p>Your invitation to serve as a reviewer in the peer review process is based on trust. Reviewers must maintain confidentiality, treat all manuscripts and materials confidentially and must not communicate directly with authors.<br />JAE aims is to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.<br />Articles are initially reviewed by at least two Reviewers.<br />Reviewers should read the JAE Guide to Authors and pay attention to the following:</p><ul><li>manuscript is written in clear and concise English</li><li>the title is specific and reflecting the content of the manuscript</li><li>the Abstract is brief and describing the purpose of the work</li><li>Tables are appropriate and clearly presented. Should anyone be simplified or condensed? Should any be omitted?</li><li>Figures are justified and clear with fonts proportionate to the size of the figure. Do the figures describe the data accurately</li><li>Trade Names, Abbreviations, and Symbols are properly used where indicated</li><li>the methods are appropriate and presented in sufficient detail to allow the results to be repeated;</li><li>data adequate to support the conclusions;</li><li>all the objectives covered in the presented results;</li><li>all results are provided for in the objective;</li><li>all conclusions are based on results. Does the conclusion explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward?</li></ul><p>JAE expects reviewers to provide on time a thorough and comprehensive report. Provide useful comments for authors and a clear recommendation to the Editor. Reviewers are at liberty to use the JAE review platform on JAE website (http://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org or send a report following the criteria by email to the Editor-in-Chief  editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org or Journalagric.extension@hotmail.co.uk</p>Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData: <h2>Welcome to African Journals Online (AJOL)!</h2>
<p>Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change &amp; under-development.</p>
<h3><strong>AJOL</strong>, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global &amp; continental online access, awareness, quality &amp; use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.</h3>Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/user/register">register</a> with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="http://www.ajol.info/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: <p style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="mailto:info@ajol.info">info@ajol.info</a> <br /><br />CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes <em>inter alia</em> all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright) <br /><br />African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08</p>
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: jaeInvalid data type in setData: <h3>Peer Review</h3><p>All articles submitted to the Journal undergo double-blind peer-review. The reviewers have no access to the identity of the authors, and the authors do not know who the reviewers are. Members of the editorial team/board/guest editors are permitted to submit their own papers to the journal. In a situation where an author or authors are associated with the journal, they will be removed from all editorial tasks for that paper and another member of the team will be assigned responsibility for overseeing peer review. A competing interest must also be declared within the submission.</p>
<p>Each article on submission is reviewed for relevance to the scope of the Journal by the Editor-In-Chief.&nbsp;<strong>Article are screened for plagiarism using the Turnitin programme with a maximum of 25% limit on similarity, for it to go into the review process.</strong>&nbsp;Articles that do not meet the basic criteria are rejected at this stage and authors promptly informed. Articles that meet basic requirements are initially reviewed by at least two reviewers. The recommendation of the reviewers informs the decision of the editorial board to accept on the conditions that the concerns raised by the reviewers are addressed (the article is back to the authors to address the reviewers’ concerns) or to reject. Where there is a notable disagreement between the reports of the two initial reviewers, a third reviewer may be consulted. JAE aims to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.</p>
<p><strong>Guide to Reviewers</strong></p>
<p>Your invitation to serve as a reviewer in the peer review process is based on trust. Reviewers must maintain confidentiality, treat all manuscripts and materials confidentially and must not communicate directly with authors.</p>
<p>In order to ensure this, follow this step before you start the review process:<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click Review on the Microsoft<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click the dropdown under Track Changes<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Click “Change user name”<br>-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Then Change your user name to “Reviewer”<br>JAE aims is to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.</p>
<p>Articles are initially reviewed by at least two Reviewers.</p>
<p>Reviewers should read the JAE Guide to Authors and&nbsp; pay attention to the following<strong>:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">manuscript is written in clear and concise English;</li>
<li class="show">the title is specific and reflecting the content of the manuscript;</li>
<li class="show">the Abstract is brief and describing the purpose, method, major findings, conclusion and recommendations of the work;</li>
<li class="show">Tables are appropriate and clearly presented. Should anyone be simplified or condensed? Should any be omitted;</li>
<li class="show">Figures are justified and clear with fonts proportionate to the size of the figure. Do the figures describe the data accurately;</li>
<li class="show">Trade Names, Abbreviations, and&nbsp; Symbols are properly used where indicated;</li>
<li class="show">the methods are appropriate and presented in sufficient detail to allow the results to be repeated;</li>
<li class="show">data adequate to support the conclusions;</li>
<li class="show">are all the objectives covered in the presented results;</li>
<li class="show">are all the results provided for in the objective;</li>
<li class="show">are all conclusions based on results? Does the conclusion explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward?</li>
</ul>
<p>JAE expects reviewers to provide on time, a thorough and comprehensive report. Provide useful comments for authors and a clear recommendation to the Editor. Reviewers are at liberty to use the JAE review platform on JAE website (<a href="http://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org/">https://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>&nbsp;or send a report following the criteria by email to the Editor-in-Chief: agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com&nbsp; &nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org">editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org</a></p>
<p>For more information:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.aesonnigeria.org/jsupport/reviewer.pdf">Reviewer’s information</a></p>
<p>Please Download AESON Reviewer's Report Form Download Fill and Upload,&nbsp;<a href="https://journal.aesonnigeria.org/jsupport/reviewform.doc">Click to download</a></p><h3>Open Access Policy</h3><p>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p>
<p>JAE is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.</p>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Licensing and Copyright </strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license author retains copyright and users are permitted to copy and distribute the article (non-commercially). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License</a>,&nbsp;that allows others to share the <u>work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal. </u>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, or on their website) prior to and during the submission process.</p><h3>Publication Scheduling</h3><p>The Journal publishes four issues in a year (January, April, July and October).</p><h3>General</h3><div id="about">
<div>
<div id="about">
<p>Publishing in the Journal of Agricultural Extension, (<em>JAE</em>) involves the author, the journal editor, the reviewer, the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria and other key stakeholders and service providers. Each actor plays an important role in meeting the expected ethical standards at all stages from submission to publication of an article.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension is committed to meeting and upholding standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process.&nbsp;The Journal follows closely the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) that set standards and provide guidelines for best practices in order to meet these requirements.&nbsp; The Journal subscribes to COPE’s Code of conduct and best practice guidelines for journal editors. &nbsp;Below is a summary of the Journals key expectations of editors, peer-reviewers, authors, and the Society.</p>
<p><strong>Ethical Expectations</strong></p>
<p><strong>Editors’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To act in a balanced, objective and fair way while carrying out their expected duties, without discrimination on grounds of gender, sexual orientation, religious or political beliefs, ethnic or geographical origin of the authors.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To handle submissions for sponsored supplements or special issues in the same way as other submissions, so that articles are considered and accepted solely on their academic merit and without commercial influence.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To adopt and follow reasonable procedures in the event of complaints of an ethical or conflict nature, in accordance with the policies and procedures of the Society where appropriate.&nbsp;To give authors a reasonable opportunity to respond to any complaints.&nbsp;All complaints should be investigated no matter when the original publication was approved. Documentation associated with any such complaints should be retained.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Reviewers’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To contribute to the decision-making process, and to assist in improving the quality of the published paper by reviewing the manuscript objectively, in a timely manner</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To maintain the confidentiality of any information supplied by the editor or author.&nbsp;To not retain or copy the manuscript.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To alert the editor to any published or submitted content that is substantially similar to that under review.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To be aware of any potential conflicts of interest (financial, institutional, collaborative or other relationships between the reviewer and author) and to alert the editor to these, if necessary withdrawing their services for that manuscript.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Authors’ responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">To maintain accurate records of data associated with their submitted manuscript, and to supply or provide access to these data, on reasonable request.&nbsp;Where appropriate and where allowed by employer, funding body and others who might have an interest, to deposit data in a suitable repository or storage location, for sharing and further use by others.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To confirm/assert that the manuscript as submitted is not under consideration or accepted for publication elsewhere.&nbsp;Where portions of the content overlap with published or submitted content, to acknowledge and cite those sources.&nbsp;Additionally, to provide the editor with a copy of any submitted manuscript that might contain overlapping or closely related content.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To confirm that all the work in the submitted manuscript is original and to acknowledge and cite content reproduced from other sources.&nbsp;To obtain permission to reproduce any content from other sources.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Submission of an article to the Journal of Agricultural Extension is taken as a declaration and implies that the publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">&nbsp;The Journal holds authors responsible for keeping to the highest ethics in publishing, particularly with fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Authors should screen their articles for similarity and plagiarism indicating the programme used and the score.</li>
<li class="show">To declare any potential conflicts of interest (e.g where the author has a competing interest (real or apparent) that could be considered or viewed as exerting an undue influence on his or her duties at any stage during the publication process).</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">To notify promptly the journal editor if a significant error in their publication is identified.&nbsp;To cooperate with the editor to publish an erratum, addendum, corrigendum notice, or to retract the paper, where this is deemed necessary.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Publisher or Society’s responsibilities</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">The Agricultural Extension Society shall ensure that good practice is maintained to the standards outlined under ethical responsibilities above.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">The Agricultural Extension Society assures subscription to the principles outlined under ethical responsibilities above.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Procedures For Dealing with Unethical Behaviour</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Identification of unethical behaviour</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Misconduct and unethical behaviour may be identified and brought to the attention of the editor and publisher at any time, by anyone.</li>
<li class="show">Misconduct and unethical behaviour may include, but need not be limited to, examples as outlined above.&nbsp;</li>
<li class="show">Whoever informs the editor or publisher of such conduct should provide sufficient information and evidence in order for an investigation to be initiated.&nbsp;All allegations shall be taken seriously and treated in the same way, until a successful decision or conclusion is reached.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Investigation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">An initial decision should be taken by the editor, who shall consult with or seek advice from the publisher, if appropriate.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Evidence should be gathered, while avoiding spreading any allegations beyond those who need to know.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Minor breaches</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Minor misconduct might be dealt with without the need to consult more widely.&nbsp;In any event, the author shall be given the opportunity to respond to any allegations.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Serious breaches</strong></p>
<ul>
<li class="show" style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li class="show" style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li class="show">Serious misconduct might require that the employers of the accused be notified.&nbsp;The editor, in consultation with the Society, shall make the decision whether or not to involve the employers, either by examining the available evidence themselves or by further consultation with a limited number of experts.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Outcomes&nbsp;</strong>(in increasing order of severity; may be applied separately or in conjunction)</p>
<ul>
<li class="show">Informing or educating the author or reviewer where there appears to be a misunderstanding or misapplication of acceptable standards.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">A more strongly worded letter to the author or reviewer covering the misconduct and as a warning to future behaviour.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Publication of a formal notice detailing the misconduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Publication of an editorial detailing the misconduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">A formal letter to the head of the author’s or reviewer’s department or funding agency.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Formal retraction or withdrawal of a publication from the journal, in conjunction with informing the head of the author or reviewer’s department, Abstracting &amp; Indexing services and the readership of the publication.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Imposition of a formal embargo on contributions from an individual for a defined period.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li class="show">Reporting the case and outcome to a professional organization or higher authority for further investigation and action.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Plagiarism Policy</strong></p>
<p>Plagiarism is unacknowledged copying or an attempt to misattribute original authorship, whether of ideas, text or results. Plagiarism can include, theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work. Plagiarism can be said to have clearly occurred when large chunks of text have been cut-and-pasted without appropriate and unambiguous attribution. Such manuscripts would not be considered for publication in a Journal of Agricultural Extension. Apart from wholesale verbatim reuse of text, due care must be taken to ensure appropriate attribution and citation when paraphrasing and summarising the work of others. Reuse of parts of text from an author's previous research publication is a form of self-plagiarism so, due caution must be exercised. When reusing text, whether from the author's own publication or that of others, appropriate attribution and citation is necessary to avoid creating a misleading perception of unique contribution for the reader.</p>
<p>Duplicate (or redundant) publication occurs when an authors reuse substantial parts of their own published work without providing the appropriate references. This can range from publishing an identical paper in multiple journals, to only adding a small amount of new data to a previously published paper.</p>
<p>JAE editors assess all such cases on their individual merits through the review process. When plagiarism becomes evident post-publication, JAE may correct, withdraw the original publication, or place the information on the community platform, depending on the degree of plagiarism, context within the published article and its impact on the overall integrity of the published study.</p>
<p><strong>Repository Policy</strong></p>
<p><strong>J</strong>AE encourages authors to freely deposit versions [submitted version, accepted version (author accepted manuscript), published version (version of record)] of their work in an institutional or other repository of their choice.</p>
<h2 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Archiving </span></h2>
<p>This Journal utilizes the CLOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the Journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The Journal is also hosted and achieved on the website of the African Journal Online (AJOL)</p>
<h2 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hosting and Abstracting</span></h2>
<p>The Journal is online on the Journal of Agricultural Extension website (<a href="http://journal.aesonnigeria.org/">https://journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>) and is hosted online by the African Journal-on-line at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae">https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jae</a>. it is presently abstracted by EBSCO host Electronic Journals Service (EJS), Google Scholar, Journal Seek, Scientific Commons, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the CAB Abstracts, Global Health Databases and Scopus.</p>
<p><strong>Executive of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria (2021-2024)</strong></p>
<ol>
<li class="show"><strong>Idrisa, Yusuf Lawan </strong>(Prof). [<strong>President]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension Services,<br>University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria<br>Email: <a href="mailto:yuzaat696@gmail.com">yuzaat696@gmail.com</a>&nbsp;<br>Phone: +2348030605207<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1136">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1136</a></p>
<ol start="2">
<li class="show"><strong>Meludu, Nkiru Theresa </strong>(Prof). [<strong>Vice-President]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension,<br>Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.&nbsp;<br>Email: <a href="mailto:nkiru_m@yahoo.com">nkiru_m@yahoo.com</a> ;&nbsp; <a href="mailto:nt.meludu@unizik.edu.ng">nt.meludu@unizik.edu.ng</a> &nbsp;<br>Phone: +2348023250457,&nbsp;<br><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-6903">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-6903</a></p>
<ol start="3">
<li class="show"><strong>Elisha-Nissi, David [General Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI)<br>P.M.B.1343, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria<br>Email: nissydave@gmail.com<br>Phone: 07066721307</p>
<ol start="4">
<li class="show"><strong>Dr Yakubu, D. Haruna. [Treasurer]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto<br>Email; dhyakubu3@gmail.com<br>Phone: 08036794572</p>
<ol start="5">
<li class="show"><strong>Olajide, Bamidele Rasak </strong>(Dr). <strong>[Publicity Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>University of Ibadan<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:r.olajide@gmail.com">r.olajide@gmail.com</a><br>Phone: +2348034077794<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-2235">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-2235</a></p>
<ol start="6">
<li class="show"><strong>Nwobodo, Cynthia Ebere&nbsp;</strong>(Dr).[ <strong>Assistant General Secretary]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension<br>University of Nigeria Nsukka<br>Email: <a href="mailto:cynthia.nwobodo@unn.edu.ng">cynthia.nwobodo@unn.edu.ng</a><br>Phone: +234-8039462574&nbsp;<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-6498">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-6498</a></p>
<ol start="7">
<li class="show"><strong>Akinbile, Luqman Abiodun </strong>(Prof). <strong>[Ex-Officio&nbsp; Member (Immediate Past President)]</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development<br>University of Ibadan, Nigeria<br>Emails: lakinbile@yahoo.com&nbsp; /&nbsp; la.akinbile@mail.ui.edu.ng<br>Phone: +2348023250454<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-038X">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-038X</a></p>
<ol start="8">
<li class="show"><strong>Professor Michael Chukwuneke Madukwe. [Editor-in-Chief}</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Editor-in-Chief<br>Department of Agricultural Extension<br>University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<br>Emails: <a href="mailto:michael.madukwe@unn.edu.ng">michael.madukwe@unn.edu.ng</a> / &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="mailto:madukwemichael@yahoo.com">madukwemichael@yahoo.com</a><br>Phone: +2348037006968<br><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-3551">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-3551</a></p>
</div>Invalid data type in setData: JAEInvalid data type in setData: <p><strong>Submission of manuscript</strong></p>
<p>Articles should be type-written in English, double spaced on only one side of A4 (210 by 297mm) paper and not more than 15 double spaced pages.( using one-inch margins with Arial Theme and 12-point), inclusive of references, tables, figures and appendixes. Articles should be uploaded on the Journal website (<a href="http://www.aesonnigeria.org/">journal.aesonnigeria.org</a>). JAE reserves the right to ask authors to shorten excessively long papers before they are entered in the review process. However, JAE recognizes that papers intended to make very extensive contributions or that require additional space for data presentation or references may require more pages.</p>
<ul>
<li>At the point of submission&nbsp;each articles should indicate on&nbsp; the first page the title of manuscript</li>
<li>Capitalise first letter of each word of the title</li>
<li>At the point of submission&nbsp;<strong>do not include</strong>&nbsp;authors name, address, email and phone number inside the manuscript&nbsp;<strong>to allow blind review.&nbsp;</strong>&nbsp;Include all the authors, and the associated information of each author on the metadata.&nbsp;<strong>JAE discourages the practice of including additional authors names after acceptance of an article</strong>.</li>
<li>After acceptance,&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;include</strong>&nbsp;all the authors in the metadata inside the paper one by one indicating name (surname and first names in full), address, email,&nbsp; phone number, and ORCID number</li>
<li>Type surname and other names in full followed by address&nbsp;below the title</li>
<li>Capitalise&nbsp;the first letters of each name</li>
<li>The names of the author(s) should be followed by the abstract and subsequent parts of the article.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Section heading</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Capitalised only the first letter of each word or of proper nouns of the section head</li>
<li>Sub-section heads should be flushed left</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>&nbsp;Tables:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Number each table in Roman Numerals followed by a colon and the title</li>
<li>Give each table an explicit title</li>
<li>Capitalise the first letter of each proper nouns in the table title</li>
<li>Place the title of each table on top of the table</li>
<li>Do not use frequencies and percentages as separate columns in a table. Use percentages and indicate the sample size in bracket after the word percentage</li>
<li>Indicate boarders of table row headings, sub headings sub-total and total</li>
<li>Type table(s) in exact text location(s)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Figures:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Number each figure</li>
<li>Give an appropriate title to each figure</li>
<li>Capitalise the first letter of each nouns in the figure title</li>
<li>Place the title of each figure below the figure</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>References and citations</strong></p>
<p>Follow the style of the 7<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;edition of the American Psychological Association (APA)</p>
<p>The APA style is common in agricultural extension and is presented here. It should be noted that while APA style changes over time (see APA Website for latest information) Science publishers use variants that only approximate the current version. Depending on the style adopted or recommended by the publisher, institution/association or funding agency, the author must painstakingly maintain a high level of consistency. This can only be achieved through practice. The sample format below is taken from the 7<sup>th</sup> edition of APA Website. You should make a habit to always consult the website to guide your citations and referencing</p>
<p><strong>Sample Format for Reference List Based on the APA Style </strong></p>
<p>(Most of the presentations here were taken from the APA website and from Gajjar, and Nagalpur, 2013). Please note the references used in this section are for illustration only.</p>
<p><strong>1. Authors</strong></p>
<p>Write all authors’ names begin with the surname(s), followed by their initials. If there is no author, place the title in the author position.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<ol>
<li><strong>One author</strong>: Qing, S. (2020) Gender role attitudes and males-female income differences in China. <em>Journal of Chinese Sociology</em> 7 (12) 1-23 020) 7:12 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w</a></li>
<li><strong>&nbsp;Two authors:</strong> Kehinde, A.D. &amp; Ogundeji, A.A. (2022). The simultaneous impact of access to credit and cooperative services on cocoa productivity in South-western Nigeria.&nbsp;<em>Agric &amp; Food Secur</em>ity 11,&nbsp;11 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00351-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00351-4</a></li>
<li><strong>&nbsp;3 to 20 authors (list all authors):</strong>&nbsp; Lamastra, L., Balderacchi, M., Di Guardo, A., Monchiero, M., &amp; Trevisan, M. (2016). A novel fuzzy expert system to assess the sustainability of the viticulture at the wine-estate scale. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.043</li>
<li><strong>No author:</strong>&nbsp; New Zealand’s ‘most instagrammed’ spot overrun by illegally parked cars. (2019, November 21). New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&amp;objectid=1228703<strong><br><br>2. Books<br></strong><strong>a. Book without DOI </strong></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics, publisher</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Barkway, D., &amp; O’Kane, D. (2020). Psychology: Introduction for health professionals. Elsevier.</p>
<p><strong>b. Book with DOI </strong></p>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 DOI</p>
<p>Note: This example does not have a publisher as the publisher is the same as the author.</p>
<p><strong>c. Online book </strong></p>
<p>Author(s), year of publication, book title in italics, publisher</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>National Health Committee. (2015). The introduction of fit for purpose omics-based technologies–Think piece. Ministry of Health. https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/introduction-fit-purpose-omics-based-technologies-think-piece URL</p>
<p>Note: Include a DOI if one is given in place of the URL</p>
<p><strong>d. Books and e-books without DOI</strong></p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Udoye, C. E. (2022). Training needs of pineapple farmers: How use of ICT enhances production. Routledge</p>
<p><strong>e. Book Chapter (Chapter in an edited book) </strong></p>
<p>Author, year of publication, chapter title, don’t forget “In” book editor(s), book title in italics.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<p>a) Chand, N. (2019). Standardized turmeric and curcumin. In R. C. Gupta, A. Srivastava, &amp; R. Lall (Eds.), Nutraceuticals in veterinary medicine (pp. 3-24). Springer. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624</a></p>
<p>b) Igbokwe, E. M. (2021). Concepts in rural and agricultural sociology. In: M. C. Madukwe (Ed.) <em>Agricultural Extension in Nigeria</em>. (pp 23-34). Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria.</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Include a DOI after the publisher if available</p>
<p><strong>4. Scholarly Journals</strong></p>
<p><strong>a. Journal Article in Print</strong></p>
<p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Madukwe M. C. (2022). Rethinking agricultural extension in Nigeria: An insight into private sector approach. <em>Journal of Extension</em>, 13(1&amp;2), 51-62.DOI (Include the DOI after the page numbers if one is available).</p>
<p><strong>b. Journal Article – Online without DOI</strong></p>
<p>Author, year of publication, article title, journal title in italics, volume in italics, issue, pages</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Stanton, R. (2019). Dyslexia and oral skills: A student’s journey. <em>ATLAANZ Journal, 4</em>(1), 55-70. https://journal.atlaanz.org/index.php/ATLAANZ/article/view/63/112 URL</p>
<p><strong>c. Journal Article – Online with DOI </strong></p>
<p>Author(s),&nbsp; year of publication, article title, journal title in italics, volume in italics, issue, pages</p>
<p><strong>Example </strong></p>
<p>Issel, L. M., Bekemeier, B., &amp; Kneipp, S. (2012). A public health nurse research agenda. <em>Public Health Nursing, 29</em>(4), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00989.</p>
<p><strong>5. Conference Papers</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol start="2015">
<li>Park, H. M. (2015, October). Moon-Young Lee's nonviolence and transcendence ethics in conflict management. Paper Presented at the 3rd Meeting and Mini-conference: Moon-Young Lee's Public Administration and Asian Democracy, Jeonju Traditional Culture Center, Jeonju, Korea. October 23, 2015.</li>
<li>Park, H. M. (2015). Should e-government be transformational and participatory? An essay on e-government in the utilitarian mode of information technology use. Proceedings of the 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-48), Kauai, HI, January 5-8, 2015. 13.<br><br><strong>6. Magazine and Newspaper Articles</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number (issue umber if available), inclusive pages. Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.</p>
<p>When citing a URL or DOI of magazine or newspaper, use “Retrieved from” in APA style.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.</li>
<li>Smith, B. (2021, March). Sending money with a phone. Wireless Week, 14(6), 12-13. Retrieved from http://www.wirelessweek.com/articles/2008/03/sending-money-phone.</li>
<li>Fackler, M. (2022, April 24). Recriminations and regrets follow suicide of South Korean. The New York Times. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.nytimes.com">http://www.nytimes.com</a></li>
<li>Abdullahi, Ahmed (2022). Any new direction in Nigeria’s agricultural development. <em>Nation</em> <em>135 Thursday, July13,2012</em>, 16-19.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>7. Government/Agency Documents (Citing Report and Government Publication)</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Nations and American Society for Public Administration. (2002). Benchmarking egovernment: A global perspective. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/English.pdf</li>
<li>S. Geological Survey. (1994). Relations of changes in wastewater-treatment practices to changes in stream-water quality during 1978-88 in the Chicago area, Illinois, and implications for regional and national water-quality assessments, by Paul J. Terrio. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Retrieved from <a href="http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57435">http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57435</a>.</li>
<li>Park, Hun Myoung. (2015). Has information technology competence ever increased? Evidences from the Annual User Satisfaction Survey of Information Technology Services (Economics and Management Series EMS-2015-03). Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan.</li>
<li>Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (2022). <em>Bulletin of Statistics</em>, 41<sup>st</sup> CBN, Abuja Nigeria.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>8. Dissertations and Thesis (Citing a Master’s Thesis or Dissertation).</strong></p>
<p>You need to provide author name, publication date, sentence-cased title, type of a material, and institute’s name. A type of a material may be “PhD dissertation,” “PhD diss.,” or “master’s thesis.” A comma separates the type of a material from institute’s name. In APA, use “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” or “Unpublished master’s thesis” and a comma between the institution name and place (city)/country.</p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Madukwe, M. C. (2022). Differential adoption of agricultural innovation in Nigeria (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria</li>
<li>Gbana, N. S. H. (2022). Technological capabilities of actors in maize innovation system in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Taraba State University, Jalingo.</li>
<li>Oludare, B. C. (2022). Land use and agricultural development among hill peoples in Western Nigeria. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.<br><br><strong>9. Unpublished Papers and Reports</strong></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Agwu, A. E. (2021). Farmers’ perceptions of privatization of agricultural extension in&nbsp; Nigeria. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, 3-6 April, Nsukka.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Webpages</strong></li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li><strong>Webpage with date</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;Author, year of publication, web page title, website name, URL</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Cuncic, A. (2021). The Mandela effect. Verywellmind. <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-mandela-effect-4589394">https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-mandela-effect-4589394</a></p>
<p><strong>10. Webpage without date</strong></p>
<p>Include (n.d.) in place of the publication date.</p>
<p>Author, no date, web page title, website name, URL</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Kalter, L. (n.d.). Ducks &amp; more: Animals offer flyers emotional support. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/balance/stressmanagement/news/20191125/ducks-more-animals-offer-flyers-emotional-suppor</p>
<p><strong>11. Periodicals</strong></p>
<p><strong>Monthly Periodical</strong></p>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol start="11">
<li>Chandler-Crips, S. (2021, May). Aerobic writing; a writing practice model. <em>Writing Lab Newspaper</em>, pp. 9-11.</li>
<li>Buka T, (2021, July 13) Empowering farmers through Fadam programme. <em>The Nation,</em> pp .</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Online Periodical </strong></p>
<p>Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, retrieved month day, year, from full URL.</p>
<p><strong>Online Document </strong></p>
<p>Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL</p>
<p>Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a URL.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Devitt, T. (2021, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html</li>
<li>Dove, R. (2021). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html</li>
</ol>
<p>Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant programme or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.</p>
<ol>
<li>Hilts, P. J. (2020, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com</li>
<li>Fredrickson, B. L. (2021, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention &amp; Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html</li>
<li>GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/</li>
<li>Health Canada. (2020, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from http://www.hc sc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>12. Encyclopaedia and Dictionary</strong></p>
<p>Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company.</p>
<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Bergmann, P. G. (2020). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.</li>
<li>Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th Ed.). (2021). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.</li>
<li>Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (2021). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book.</li>
<li>Tobias, R. (2021). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia Americana. (p. 600). New York: Scholastic Library Publishing.</li>
<li>Stach, M. (2021). Boredom. In: <em>The encyclopedia of useless knowledge</em> (Vol. 13, pp. 123, 234).&nbsp; Scotts valley, CA: Bethany press.</li>
<li>Bergmann, P. G. (2021). Relativity. In <em>The new Encyclopaedia Brittanica </em>(Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica.</li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>13. In Case of No Author and Date </strong></p>
<p>Title (sentence capitalization). (n.d.). …</p>
<p><strong>Payment for Publication</strong></p>
<p>Submission and review are at no cost to the authors. The cost of the review process is borne by the Society.&nbsp; However, authors of accepted articles are required to pay a publication fee of ₦50,000 ($100). Authors of accepted articles that came through the annual or special conferences of the Society will be required to pay a publication charge of ₦ 15,000. The monies are specifically used to support part of the cost of publication, distribution of the hard copies of the Journal and related activities.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Publication Fee Waiver and Discounts&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p>JAE has provision for publication fee waiver and discounts for authors with demonstrated needs ( places in war crisis, prolonged natural disaster, physically challenged). Discounts vary from 10% to 50%. Application for waiver or discounts should be addressed to (agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com) indicating basis for the request.</p>
<p><strong>For payments by authors within Nigeria (Naira)</strong><br>Bank Name: Access Bank (Ilorin Branch)<br>Account Name: Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria<br>Account Number, 0020725578<br><br><strong>For payments by authors&nbsp;outside Nigeria (Dollar)</strong><br>Pay through:</p>
<p>Citibank New York<br>111, Wall Street<br>New York<br>N Y 10043<br>SWIFT CODE: CITIUS33<br>ABA .I. D: 012-000-089<br>ACOUNT NUMBER: 36145842</p>
<p>FOR FINAL CREDIT TO:<br>ACCESS Bank Nigeria</p>
<p>SWIFT CODE: ABNGNGLA</p>
<p>Name: Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria<br>Name of Bank: Access Bank<br>Account Number: 0688190790<br><br></p>
<p><strong>Authorship Policy</strong></p>
<p>Authorship provides credit for a researcher's contributions to a study and carries accountability. Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or have drafted the work or substantively revised it. Also expected is to have approved the submitted version (and any substantially modified version that involves the author's contribution to the study); agreed both to be personally accountable for the author's own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented.</p>
<p>JAE encourages collaboration with colleagues in the locations where the research is conducted, and expect their inclusion as co-authors when they fulfill all authorship criteria described above. Contributors who do not meet all criteria for authorship should be listed in the Acknowledgements section.</p>
<p><strong>Author contribution statements</strong></p>
<p>JAE encourages transparency by publishing author contribution statements. Authors are required to include a statement of responsibility in all types of manuscript.</p>
<p>JAE will require all authors of a research paper to sign the contract regarding authorship order as indicated below at submission. A summary will be part of the publication if accepted. The summary will indicate the overall percentage contribution to the study by each author and the specific activities performed by each author in backets.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong>Contract Regarding Authorship Order </strong></p>
<table width="986">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>We hereby enter into an agreement, as outlined below, regarding the authorship order for the publication of the article <em>tentatively </em>titled: ______________________________________________________________</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>FIRST AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="436">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="549">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="986">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table width="988">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>&nbsp;<strong>SECOND AUTHOR </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>Name (print):</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="437">
<p>Percent effort:</p>
</td>
<td width="551">
<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="988">
<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
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<p>&nbsp;<strong>THIRD AUTHOR </strong></p>
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<p>Name (print):</p>
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<p>Percent effort:</p>
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<p>Signature: Activity Score:</p>
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<p>Brief description of basic responsibilities/role on project:</p>
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<p>&nbsp;<strong>FOURTH AUTHOR </strong></p>
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<p>Name (print):</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;Date contract signed: _________</p>
<p>Submission to the journal is taken by the journal to mean that all the listed authors have agreed to all of the contents, including the author list and author contribution statements. JAE correspondence during the review of an article goes to all the authors. However, the corresponding author is responsible for submitting a competing interests' statement on behalf of all authors of the paper.</p>
<p>Any changes to the author list after submission, such as a change in the order of the authors or the deletion or addition of authors, must be approved by every author. JAE is not in a position to investigate or adjudicate authorship disputes before or after publication. Such disagreements, if they cannot be resolved amongst authors, should be directed to the relevant institutional authority.</p>
<p><strong>Author identification</strong></p>
<p>As part of our efforts to improve transparency and unambiguous attribution of scholarly contributions, all authors of published papers must provide their&nbsp;<a href="https://orcid.org/">Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID)</a>&nbsp;iD.</p>
<p>The primary affiliation for each author should be the institution where the majority of their work was done. If an author has subsequently moved, the current address may also be stated. Also required are the email address (preferably institutional email address) and phone number of each author.</p>
<p><strong>Consortia authorship</strong></p>
<p>A collective of authors can be listed as a consortium. If necessary, individual authors can be listed in both the main author list and as a member of a consortium. All authors within a consortium must be listed at the end of the paper.</p>Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/user/register">register</a> with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: University of NigeriaInvalid data type in setData: <h2>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</h2>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the <strong>CC BY-NC-ND </strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>The mission of the<em>&nbsp;Journal of Agricultural Extension</em>&nbsp;is to publish conceptual papers and empirical research that tests, extends, or builds agricultural extension theory and contributes to the practice of extension worldwide.</p>
<p><strong>Focus and Scope</strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension (JAE) is devoted to the advancement of knowledge of agricultural extension services and practice through the publication of original and empirically based research, focusing on; extension administration and supervision, programme planning, monitoring and evaluation, diffusion and adoption of innovations; extension communication models and strategies; extension research and methodological issues; nutrition extension; extension youth programme; women-in-agriculture; extension, marginalized and vulnerable groups, Climate Change and the environment, farm and produce security, ICT, innovation systems. JAE will normally not publish articles based on research covering very small geographic area (town community and local government areas/council/counties) that cannot feed into policy, except they present critical insights into new and emerging issues is agricultural extension and rural development.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>Prof. Michael C. Madukwe,</strong><strong><em> FAESON </em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Editor-in-Chief)<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria <br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">agricultural.extension.nigeria@gmail.com</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">michael.madukwemc@unn.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">.; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">madukwemichael@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348037006968</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr Judih Kamoto (Associate Professor)<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acting College Director, Bunda College, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">P.O. Box 219, Liongwe, Malawi<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">jkamoto@luanar.ac.mw</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">judithkamoto@gmail.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +265995567000;&nbsp; +265888029196</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Edwin M. Igbokwe </strong><strong><em>FAESON<br></em></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">edwin.igbokwe@unn.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">emigbo@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348034261915</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Chris J. Garforth<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Internal and Rural Development Department, School of Agricultural Policy and Development University of Reading, UK <br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">c.j.garforth@reading.ac.uk<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phone: +447730532746</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr. Musa A. Dube (Associate Professor)<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Education and Extension Faculty of Agriculture University of Swaziland P.O. Luyengo M205 Swaziland, Southern Africa<br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">madube@agric.uniswa.sz<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +26879737613</span></p>
<p><strong>Dr. R. Saravanan (</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Associate Professor) (Extension Education &amp; Rural Sociology)<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Social Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Central Agricultural University (CAU) </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pasighat- 791 102, Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">e-Mail: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">saravanan.raj@manage.gov.in</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="http://saravananraj@hotmail.com/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">saravananraj@hotmail.com/</span></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">saravananraj.manage@gmail.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mobile Phone No.: +91-8465007799</span></p>
<p><strong>Prof. L. A. Akinbile<br></strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.<br>Email: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">la.akinbile@mail.ui.edu.ng</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">; </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">lakinbile@yahoo.com<br></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cell Phone: +2348023250454</span></p>Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: <h2>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</h2>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the <strong>CC BY-NC-ND </strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Journal of Agricultural ExtensionInvalid data type in setData: <p>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p>
<p>JAE is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.</p>
<p>JAE supports free online communication and exchange of knowledge as the most effective way of ensuring that the fruits of research and development practice are made widely available. It is therefore committed to open access, which, for authors, enables the widest possible dissemination of their findings and, for readers, increases their ability to discover pertinent information. The Journal adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license users are permitted to: Copy and distribute the article (non-commercially); you can’t change or alter the article in anyway; Users are not allowed to data mine the article.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Licensing and Copyright </strong></p>
<p>The Journal of Agricultural Extension adopts and uses the&nbsp;<strong>CC BY-NC-ND&nbsp;</strong>license. Under this license author retains copyright and users are permitted to copy and distribute the article (non-commercially). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License</a>,&nbsp;that allows others to share the <u>work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal. </u>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, or on their website) prior to and during the submission process.</p>Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="http://ajol.info/index.php/jae/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: <p>Your invitation to serve as a reviewer in the peer review process is based on trust. Reviewers must maintain confidentiality, treat all manuscripts and materials confidentially and must not communicate directly with authors.<br />JAE aims is to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6 weeks after submission.<br />Articles are initially reviewed by at least two Reviewers.<br />Reviewers should read the JAE Guide to Authors and pay attention to the following:</p><ul><li>manuscript is written in clear and concise English</li><li>the title is specific and reflecting the content of the manuscript</li><li>the Abstract is brief and describing the purpose of the work</li><li>Tables are appropriate and clearly presented. Should anyone be simplified or condensed? Should any be omitted?</li><li>Figures are justified and clear with fonts proportionate to the size of the figure. Do the figures describe the data accurately</li><li>Trade Names, Abbreviations, and Symbols are properly used where indicated</li><li>the methods are appropriate and presented in sufficient detail to allow the results to be repeated;</li><li>data adequate to support the conclusions;</li><li>all the objectives covered in the presented results;</li><li>all results are provided for in the objective;</li><li>all conclusions are based on results. Does the conclusion explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward?</li></ul><p>JAE expects reviewers to provide on time a thorough and comprehensive report. Provide useful comments for authors and a clear recommendation to the Editor. Reviewers are at liberty to use the JAE review platform on JAE website (http://www.journal.aesonnigeria.org or send a report following the criteria by email to the Editor-in-Chief  editorinchief@aesonnigeria.org or Journalagric.extension@hotmail.co.uk</p>Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: The study aimed at examining the effect of loan utilization on the output of youth rice farmers in Shiroro Local Government Area of Niger State. The specific objectives are to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, determine whether there is significant difference in output of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries and compare the mean output of the youth farmers with and without credits facilities. To achieve the study objectives, 100 respondents from 10 wards was used for data collection. The collected data analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and T-test was used to compare the mean output of credit beneficiaries and non- beneficiaries. The study revealed a significant difference in the mean output of rice farmers who utilize loan (1,375kg/h) with those without credit which was (275kg/ha) (t-cal=18.44,p<0.05). It was recommended that, the process of acquiring loan should be simplified to encourage and motivate rice growers to acquire loan in order to increase their productivity as well as improve their standard of living. Also farmers on their part should be encouraged to pay back loan obtained.Invalid data type in setData: Effect of Credit Utilization on Output of Rural Youth Rice Farmers in Shiroro Local Government Area, Niger StateInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: IbrahimInvalid data type in setData: MInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: OlaleyeInvalid data type in setData: R.SInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: UmarInvalid data type in setData: I.SInvalid data type in setData: enInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData: <h2>Welcome to African Journals Online (AJOL)!</h2>
<p>Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change &amp; under-development.</p>
<h3><strong>AJOL</strong>, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global &amp; continental online access, awareness, quality &amp; use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.</h3>Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/user/register">register</a> with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="http://www.ajol.info/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: <p style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="mailto:info@ajol.info">info@ajol.info</a> <br /><br />CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes <em>inter alia</em> all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright) <br /><br />African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08</p>
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: