This Journal operates a double-blind peer review policy. Submitted manuscripts will first be assessed by the Editor-in-Chief to ensure they are appropriate for the journal. Papers considered suitable are then usually sent to a minimum of two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The peer review reports will be shared with the author. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the acceptance or rejection of articles, along with the Associate Editors. The Editors’ decision is final.
In 2022 the average decision time, including papers sent through the peer review process, was 38.1 days.
Conflict of interest in peer review
African Health Sciences would like peer-reviewers to disclose all potential situations which might be viewed as conflicts of interest. To avoid any doubt, all reviewers have to state if conflict exists or not. We expect reviewers not to use the work they are reviewing for other purposes.
AHS Policy on Conflict of interest by editors
If an editor or member of the editorial team or board has a conflict of interest, African Health Sciences has a policy that requires the person to recuse him/herself from the process.
In case an editor has a conflict of interest for example with a manuscript, the said manuscript will be reviewed by another author who does not have conflict of interest. This includes making the editorial decision regarding that manuscript.
Henceforth, papers in African Health Sciences will be published under the CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution License) 4.0 International. See details on https://creativecomons.org/) 2. The copyright owners or the authors grant the 3rd party (perpetually and in advance) the right to disseminate, reproduce, or use the research papers in part or in full, format/medium as long as: No substantive errors are introduced in the process; Attribution of authorship and correct citation details are given; The referencing details are not changed. Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated. The papers will be freely and universally accessible online in an easily readable format such as XML in at least one widely recognized open access repository such as PUBMED CENTRAL.
It is published four times a year, March, June, September and December
Invalid data type in setData: ahsInvalid data type in setData:African Health Sciences is an internationally-refereed, free access journal publishing original articles on research, clinical practice, public health, policy, planning, implementation and evaluation, in the health and related sciences relevant to Africa and the tropics. It is published 4 times a year in March, June, September and December. African Health Sciences is indexed on MEDLINE,PUBMED; PUBMED Central; WEB OF SCIENCE; and articles are indexed in PubMed from v1 n1, 2001.
African Health Sciences is a fully open access journal and therefore is free for readers. It is also free for authors to publish ( N.B.: there is no Article Publication Charge (APC)). There are no submission fees or author fees of any kind, as the costs are covered by African Health Sciences. As the journal is largely online, there are no page charges.
The manuscript should be submitted online on Manuscript Central on the following website:
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/mums-ahs
Editorial enquiries should be sent by email to:
The Editor,
African Health Sciences,
Makerere University School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences
P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
Fax: +256-41-530022,
Email: kabaleimc@gmail.com
Tel +256-41-530020/1; +256 772 494120.
Authors may also contact the Editorial Office for status requests regarding their submissions: Benidictor Muhwezi (benidictmak@gmail.com). Enquiries on accepted manuscripts should be sent to Pauline Salamula (paulinesalamula@gmail.com)
We accept a manuscript on the understanding that it is reporting unpublished work and that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. We generally accept manuscripts in the following categories: reports of original research, case reports, special articles, letters to the editor and reviews.
African Health Sciences fully endorses the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts (URM) issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ICMJE, details of which can be accessed on: http://www.icmje.org
LENGTH OF MANUSCRIPTS
Full-length articles should not exceed 3000 words and have a maximum of six tables (or figures). Short reports should be less than 1500 words with a maximum of two tables (or figures). Letters to the Editor and Book reviews should be less than 1500 words and do not need an abstract.
Manuscripts should be written in English and typed to fit on single-sided A4size pages, with margins of at least 25mm. Research articles should include the following, each beginning on a fresh page: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references, acknowledgements. All illustrations, figures, and tables should be placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.
This should contain an informative title, the first name, initial and last name of each author. The page should also include the name of institution(s) and departments to which the work should be attributed, and the name, address, email, and telephone numbers (s) of the author responsible for correspondence about the manuscript. We also require the email addresses of ALL authors. On acceptance, the list of authors will not change.
The abstract must not exceed 250 words and must be structured as follows: Background, Objectives, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.
EQUATOR GUIDELINES
This should be on a separate page and not be more than ten printed lines (about 500 bytes).
Journal reference:
Oyedeji GA. Delayed sexual maturation in sickle cell anaemia patients-observations in one practice. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 1995; 15 (3): 197-201
Campbell JM, Machin D. Medical Statistics: a common sense approach. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993 References to personal communication, unpublished material or manuscripts in preparation or submitted, but not yet accepted, are discouraged.
Permission to reproduce borrowed material: Written permission to reproduce borrowed material (Illustrations, tables and figures) must be obtained from the original publishers and authors, and submitted with the manuscript. Borrowed material should be acknowledged in captions Conflict of interest disclosure Authors: African Health Sciences requires all authors to disclose conflict of interest.
According to the ICMJE (http://www.icmje.org/ethical_4conflicts.html), this includes “all financial and personal relationships that might bias their work”. The authors have to say “whether potential conflict does or does not exist.” African Health Sciences expects authors to declare presence or absence conflict of interest in the manuscript. This must be written on a separate page, giving detail where applicable, of the conflict of interest if it exists.
Before submitting your manuscript please make sure you have the following:
1. Covering (submission) letter
2. Corresponding author’s name, complete address, institution, title, telephone number, fax number, and e-mail.
3. Complete address, degrees, institution, title, telephone number, and e-mail for each author
4. Manuscript in Microsoft Word, or RTF
5. Conflict of interest disclosure
6. Proposed list of potential reviewers
Submission Preparation Checklist
As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission’s compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.
PUBLISHING ETHICS
African Health Sciences takes publishing ethics very seriously, and will investigate thoroughly any concerns or allegations of misconduct reported to the Journal. Any complaints should be sent via email to the Editor-in-Chief, Prof James K Tumwine (kabaleimc@gmail.com) OR the Deputy Editor-in-Chief Prof. Grace Ndeezi(gndeezi@gmail.com)
Plagiarism
A condition of submission is that the work is the author’s own; all listed authors approve the submitted manuscript; the work must be original; and the manuscript is not under consideration for publication elsewhere at any other journal. In order to ensure the originality of your article, it may be checked for similarity with previously published works, using Google Scholar text search and other literature checks. Any concerns about possible plagiarism will be investigated accordingly, and may lead to rejection or retraction of your manus
Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: A. AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES OPEN ACCESS POLICYWhile African Health Sciences has been freely accessible online there have been questions on whether it is Open Access or not. We wish to clearly state that indeed African Health Sciences is Open Access. There are key issues regarding Open Access needing clarification for avoidance of doubt:
Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated.
B. ABRIDGED LICENCE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUTHORS AND African Health Sciences
I submitted my manuscript to African Health Sciences and would like to affirm that:
1.0 I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
2.0 I guarantee, on behalf of self and co-authors:
3.0 I and all co-authors, agree that the paper, if accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (see https://creativecommons.org/)
Invalid data type in setData:African Health Sciences is an open access, free online, internationally refereed journal publishing original articles on research, clinical practice, public health, policy, planning, implementation and evaluation, in the health and related sciences relevant to Africa and the tropics. African Health Sciences acknowledges support provided by the African Health Journals Partnership Project that is funded by the US National Institutes of Health (through the National Library of Medicine and the Fogarty International Center) and facilitated by the Council of Science Editors.
Indexed on MEDLINE/PUBMED; PUBMED CENTRAL; African Index Medicus; HINARI; Bioline; AJOL; Science Citation Index - Clarivate (Thompson Reuters) Impact factor (2021): 1.108. CiteScore (2018): 0.99.
Other websites related to this journal include: http://www.bioline.org.br/hs
And: https://africanhealthsciences.org/
African Health Sciences encourages authors to now submit their papers online to the following website: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/mums-ahs
Invalid data type in setData:Founder and Editor In Chief: James K Tumwine, Professor Emeritus, Makerere University; Kabale University, School of Medicine, Email: kabaleimc@gmail.com
Deputy Editor In Chief: Grace Ndeezi, Professor Makerere University, Email: gndeezi@gmail.com
Editors
Ogwal-Okeng, Lira University. Email: jogwal.okeng@gmail.com
Celestino Obua, Mbarara University of Science and Technology: celestino.obua@must.ac.ug, cobua1953@gmail.com
David Mukunya, Busitema University: Email: zebdaevid@gmail.com
Associate Editors:
Pauline Byakika, Makerere University. Email: pbyakika@gmail.com.
Paul Bangirana, Makerere University, Email: pbangirana@yahoo.com
Nicolette Nabukeera, Makerere University. Email: nicolettebarungi@gmail.com
Editorial Manager: Pauline Salamula
Copy Editor: Gloria Kaudha
Librarian: Alison Kinengyere
Intern: Moses Omita
Editorial Board
Thorkild Tylleskär, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,Norway. Email: Thorkild.Tylleskar@uib.no
Fikri M Abu-Zidan, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates. E-mail: fabuzidan@uaeu.ac.ae
Adamson Muula, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine; Malawi, Department of Public Health. Email: amuula@medcol.mw
Nelson K. Sewankambo; Makerere University, College of Health Sciences. Email: Sewankam@infocom.co.ug
Florence Mirembe, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda. Email: flomir2002@yahoo.com
Jeffrey Griffiths, Tufts Medical School, Department of Public Health; USA Email: jeffrey.griffiths@tufts.edu
Damalie Nakanjako, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University: Email: dnakanjako@gmail.com
Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: A. AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES OPEN ACCESS POLICYWhile African Health Sciences has been freely accessible online there have been questions on whether it is Open Access or not. We wish to clearly state that indeed African Health Sciences is Open Access. There are key issues regarding Open Access needing clarification for avoidance of doubt:
Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated.
B. ABRIDGED LICENCE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUTHORS AND African Health Sciences
I submitted my manuscript to African Health Sciences and would like to affirm that:
1.0 I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
2.0 I guarantee, on behalf of self and co-authors:
3.0 I and all co-authors, agree that the paper, if accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (see https://creativecommons.org/)
Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Health SciencesInvalid data type in setData:Henceforth, papers in African Health Sciences will be published under the CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution License) 4.0 International. See details on https://creativecomons.org/) 2. The copyright owners or the authors grant the 3rd party (perpetually and in advance) the right to disseminate, reproduce, or use the research papers in part or in full, format/medium as long as: No substantive errors are introduced in the process; Attribution of authorship and correct citation details are given; The referencing details are not changed. Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated. The papers will be freely and universally accessible online in an easily readable format such as XML in at least one widely recognized open access repository such as PUBMED CENTRAL.
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: African Health SciencesInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: This journal is available in print.The names and email addresses entered here will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of AJOL. We take your privacy seriously and we protect your personal information, which will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party without your permission, or unless legal obligation compels us to do so.
Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: Afr H. Sci.Invalid data type in setData:This Journal operates a double-blind peer review policy. Submitted manuscripts will first be assessed by the Editor-in-Chief to ensure they are appropriate for the journal. Papers considered suitable are then usually sent to a minimum of two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The peer review reports will be shared with the author. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the acceptance or rejection of articles, along with the Associate Editors. The Editors’ decision is final.
In 2022 the average decision time, including papers sent through the peer review process, was 38.1 days.
Conflict of interest in peer review
African Health Sciences would like peer-reviewers to disclose all potential situations which might be viewed as conflicts of interest. To avoid any doubt, all reviewers have to state if conflict exists or not. We expect reviewers not to use the work they are reviewing for other purposes.
AHS Policy on Conflict of interest by editors
If an editor or member of the editorial team or board has a conflict of interest, African Health Sciences has a policy that requires the person to recuse him/herself from the process.
In case an editor has a conflict of interest for example with a manuscript, the said manuscript will be reviewed by another author who does not have conflict of interest. This includes making the editorial decision regarding that manuscript.
Henceforth, papers in African Health Sciences will be published under the CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution License) 4.0 International. See details on https://creativecomons.org/) 2. The copyright owners or the authors grant the 3rd party (perpetually and in advance) the right to disseminate, reproduce, or use the research papers in part or in full, format/medium as long as: No substantive errors are introduced in the process; Attribution of authorship and correct citation details are given; The referencing details are not changed. Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated. The papers will be freely and universally accessible online in an easily readable format such as XML in at least one widely recognized open access repository such as PUBMED CENTRAL.
It is published four times a year, March, June, September and December
Invalid data type in setData: ahsInvalid data type in setData:African Health Sciences is an internationally-refereed, free access journal publishing original articles on research, clinical practice, public health, policy, planning, implementation and evaluation, in the health and related sciences relevant to Africa and the tropics. It is published 4 times a year in March, June, September and December. African Health Sciences is indexed on MEDLINE,PUBMED; PUBMED Central; WEB OF SCIENCE; and articles are indexed in PubMed from v1 n1, 2001.
African Health Sciences is a fully open access journal and therefore is free for readers. It is also free for authors to publish ( N.B.: there is no Article Publication Charge (APC)). There are no submission fees or author fees of any kind, as the costs are covered by African Health Sciences. As the journal is largely online, there are no page charges.
The manuscript should be submitted online on Manuscript Central on the following website:
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/mums-ahs
Editorial enquiries should be sent by email to:
The Editor,
African Health Sciences,
Makerere University School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences
P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
Fax: +256-41-530022,
Email: kabaleimc@gmail.com
Tel +256-41-530020/1; +256 772 494120.
Authors may also contact the Editorial Office for status requests regarding their submissions: Benidictor Muhwezi (benidictmak@gmail.com). Enquiries on accepted manuscripts should be sent to Pauline Salamula (paulinesalamula@gmail.com)
We accept a manuscript on the understanding that it is reporting unpublished work and that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. We generally accept manuscripts in the following categories: reports of original research, case reports, special articles, letters to the editor and reviews.
African Health Sciences fully endorses the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts (URM) issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ICMJE, details of which can be accessed on: http://www.icmje.org
LENGTH OF MANUSCRIPTS
Full-length articles should not exceed 3000 words and have a maximum of six tables (or figures). Short reports should be less than 1500 words with a maximum of two tables (or figures). Letters to the Editor and Book reviews should be less than 1500 words and do not need an abstract.
Manuscripts should be written in English and typed to fit on single-sided A4size pages, with margins of at least 25mm. Research articles should include the following, each beginning on a fresh page: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references, acknowledgements. All illustrations, figures, and tables should be placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.
This should contain an informative title, the first name, initial and last name of each author. The page should also include the name of institution(s) and departments to which the work should be attributed, and the name, address, email, and telephone numbers (s) of the author responsible for correspondence about the manuscript. We also require the email addresses of ALL authors. On acceptance, the list of authors will not change.
The abstract must not exceed 250 words and must be structured as follows: Background, Objectives, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.
EQUATOR GUIDELINES
This should be on a separate page and not be more than ten printed lines (about 500 bytes).
Journal reference:
Oyedeji GA. Delayed sexual maturation in sickle cell anaemia patients-observations in one practice. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 1995; 15 (3): 197-201
Campbell JM, Machin D. Medical Statistics: a common sense approach. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993 References to personal communication, unpublished material or manuscripts in preparation or submitted, but not yet accepted, are discouraged.
Permission to reproduce borrowed material: Written permission to reproduce borrowed material (Illustrations, tables and figures) must be obtained from the original publishers and authors, and submitted with the manuscript. Borrowed material should be acknowledged in captions Conflict of interest disclosure Authors: African Health Sciences requires all authors to disclose conflict of interest.
According to the ICMJE (http://www.icmje.org/ethical_4conflicts.html), this includes “all financial and personal relationships that might bias their work”. The authors have to say “whether potential conflict does or does not exist.” African Health Sciences expects authors to declare presence or absence conflict of interest in the manuscript. This must be written on a separate page, giving detail where applicable, of the conflict of interest if it exists.
Before submitting your manuscript please make sure you have the following:
1. Covering (submission) letter
2. Corresponding author’s name, complete address, institution, title, telephone number, fax number, and e-mail.
3. Complete address, degrees, institution, title, telephone number, and e-mail for each author
4. Manuscript in Microsoft Word, or RTF
5. Conflict of interest disclosure
6. Proposed list of potential reviewers
Submission Preparation Checklist
As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission’s compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.
PUBLISHING ETHICS
African Health Sciences takes publishing ethics very seriously, and will investigate thoroughly any concerns or allegations of misconduct reported to the Journal. Any complaints should be sent via email to the Editor-in-Chief, Prof James K Tumwine (kabaleimc@gmail.com) OR the Deputy Editor-in-Chief Prof. Grace Ndeezi(gndeezi@gmail.com)
Plagiarism
A condition of submission is that the work is the author’s own; all listed authors approve the submitted manuscript; the work must be original; and the manuscript is not under consideration for publication elsewhere at any other journal. In order to ensure the originality of your article, it may be checked for similarity with previously published works, using Google Scholar text search and other literature checks. Any concerns about possible plagiarism will be investigated accordingly, and may lead to rejection or retraction of your manus
Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: A. AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES OPEN ACCESS POLICYWhile African Health Sciences has been freely accessible online there have been questions on whether it is Open Access or not. We wish to clearly state that indeed African Health Sciences is Open Access. There are key issues regarding Open Access needing clarification for avoidance of doubt:
Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated.
B. ABRIDGED LICENCE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUTHORS AND African Health Sciences
I submitted my manuscript to African Health Sciences and would like to affirm that:
1.0 I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
2.0 I guarantee, on behalf of self and co-authors:
3.0 I and all co-authors, agree that the paper, if accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (see https://creativecommons.org/)
Invalid data type in setData:African Health Sciences is an open access, free online, internationally refereed journal publishing original articles on research, clinical practice, public health, policy, planning, implementation and evaluation, in the health and related sciences relevant to Africa and the tropics. African Health Sciences acknowledges support provided by the African Health Journals Partnership Project that is funded by the US National Institutes of Health (through the National Library of Medicine and the Fogarty International Center) and facilitated by the Council of Science Editors.
Indexed on MEDLINE/PUBMED; PUBMED CENTRAL; African Index Medicus; HINARI; Bioline; AJOL; Science Citation Index - Clarivate (Thompson Reuters) Impact factor (2021): 1.108. CiteScore (2018): 0.99.
Other websites related to this journal include: http://www.bioline.org.br/hs
And: https://africanhealthsciences.org/
African Health Sciences encourages authors to now submit their papers online to the following website: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/mums-ahs
Invalid data type in setData:Founder and Editor In Chief: James K Tumwine, Professor Emeritus, Makerere University; Kabale University, School of Medicine, Email: kabaleimc@gmail.com
Deputy Editor In Chief: Grace Ndeezi, Professor Makerere University, Email: gndeezi@gmail.com
Editors
Ogwal-Okeng, Lira University. Email: jogwal.okeng@gmail.com
Celestino Obua, Mbarara University of Science and Technology: celestino.obua@must.ac.ug, cobua1953@gmail.com
David Mukunya, Busitema University: Email: zebdaevid@gmail.com
Associate Editors:
Pauline Byakika, Makerere University. Email: pbyakika@gmail.com.
Paul Bangirana, Makerere University, Email: pbangirana@yahoo.com
Nicolette Nabukeera, Makerere University. Email: nicolettebarungi@gmail.com
Editorial Manager: Pauline Salamula
Copy Editor: Gloria Kaudha
Librarian: Alison Kinengyere
Intern: Moses Omita
Editorial Board
Thorkild Tylleskär, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,Norway. Email: Thorkild.Tylleskar@uib.no
Fikri M Abu-Zidan, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates. E-mail: fabuzidan@uaeu.ac.ae
Adamson Muula, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine; Malawi, Department of Public Health. Email: amuula@medcol.mw
Nelson K. Sewankambo; Makerere University, College of Health Sciences. Email: Sewankam@infocom.co.ug
Florence Mirembe, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda. Email: flomir2002@yahoo.com
Jeffrey Griffiths, Tufts Medical School, Department of Public Health; USA Email: jeffrey.griffiths@tufts.edu
Damalie Nakanjako, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University: Email: dnakanjako@gmail.com
Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: A. AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES OPEN ACCESS POLICYWhile African Health Sciences has been freely accessible online there have been questions on whether it is Open Access or not. We wish to clearly state that indeed African Health Sciences is Open Access. There are key issues regarding Open Access needing clarification for avoidance of doubt:
Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated.
B. ABRIDGED LICENCE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUTHORS AND African Health Sciences
I submitted my manuscript to African Health Sciences and would like to affirm that:
1.0 I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
2.0 I guarantee, on behalf of self and co-authors:
3.0 I and all co-authors, agree that the paper, if accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (see https://creativecommons.org/)
Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Health SciencesInvalid data type in setData:Henceforth, papers in African Health Sciences will be published under the CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution License) 4.0 International. See details on https://creativecomons.org/) 2. The copyright owners or the authors grant the 3rd party (perpetually and in advance) the right to disseminate, reproduce, or use the research papers in part or in full, format/medium as long as: No substantive errors are introduced in the process; Attribution of authorship and correct citation details are given; The referencing details are not changed. Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated. The papers will be freely and universally accessible online in an easily readable format such as XML in at least one widely recognized open access repository such as PUBMED CENTRAL.
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: African Health SciencesInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: This journal is available in print.Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change & under-development.
info@ajol.info
CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes inter alia all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright)
African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08
This Journal operates a double-blind peer review policy. Submitted manuscripts will first be assessed by the Editor-in-Chief to ensure they are appropriate for the journal. Papers considered suitable are then usually sent to a minimum of two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The peer review reports will be shared with the author. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the acceptance or rejection of articles, along with the Associate Editors. The Editors’ decision is final.
In 2022 the average decision time, including papers sent through the peer review process, was 38.1 days.
Conflict of interest in peer review
African Health Sciences would like peer-reviewers to disclose all potential situations which might be viewed as conflicts of interest. To avoid any doubt, all reviewers have to state if conflict exists or not. We expect reviewers not to use the work they are reviewing for other purposes.
AHS Policy on Conflict of interest by editors
If an editor or member of the editorial team or board has a conflict of interest, African Health Sciences has a policy that requires the person to recuse him/herself from the process.
In case an editor has a conflict of interest for example with a manuscript, the said manuscript will be reviewed by another author who does not have conflict of interest. This includes making the editorial decision regarding that manuscript.
Henceforth, papers in African Health Sciences will be published under the CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution License) 4.0 International. See details on https://creativecomons.org/) 2. The copyright owners or the authors grant the 3rd party (perpetually and in advance) the right to disseminate, reproduce, or use the research papers in part or in full, format/medium as long as: No substantive errors are introduced in the process; Attribution of authorship and correct citation details are given; The referencing details are not changed. Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated. The papers will be freely and universally accessible online in an easily readable format such as XML in at least one widely recognized open access repository such as PUBMED CENTRAL.
It is published four times a year, March, June, September and December
Invalid data type in setData: ahsInvalid data type in setData:African Health Sciences is an internationally-refereed, free access journal publishing original articles on research, clinical practice, public health, policy, planning, implementation and evaluation, in the health and related sciences relevant to Africa and the tropics. It is published 4 times a year in March, June, September and December. African Health Sciences is indexed on MEDLINE,PUBMED; PUBMED Central; WEB OF SCIENCE; and articles are indexed in PubMed from v1 n1, 2001.
African Health Sciences is a fully open access journal and therefore is free for readers. It is also free for authors to publish ( N.B.: there is no Article Publication Charge (APC)). There are no submission fees or author fees of any kind, as the costs are covered by African Health Sciences. As the journal is largely online, there are no page charges.
The manuscript should be submitted online on Manuscript Central on the following website:
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/mums-ahs
Editorial enquiries should be sent by email to:
The Editor,
African Health Sciences,
Makerere University School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences
P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
Fax: +256-41-530022,
Email: kabaleimc@gmail.com
Tel +256-41-530020/1; +256 772 494120.
Authors may also contact the Editorial Office for status requests regarding their submissions: Benidictor Muhwezi (benidictmak@gmail.com). Enquiries on accepted manuscripts should be sent to Pauline Salamula (paulinesalamula@gmail.com)
We accept a manuscript on the understanding that it is reporting unpublished work and that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. We generally accept manuscripts in the following categories: reports of original research, case reports, special articles, letters to the editor and reviews.
African Health Sciences fully endorses the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts (URM) issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ICMJE, details of which can be accessed on: http://www.icmje.org
LENGTH OF MANUSCRIPTS
Full-length articles should not exceed 3000 words and have a maximum of six tables (or figures). Short reports should be less than 1500 words with a maximum of two tables (or figures). Letters to the Editor and Book reviews should be less than 1500 words and do not need an abstract.
Manuscripts should be written in English and typed to fit on single-sided A4size pages, with margins of at least 25mm. Research articles should include the following, each beginning on a fresh page: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references, acknowledgements. All illustrations, figures, and tables should be placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.
This should contain an informative title, the first name, initial and last name of each author. The page should also include the name of institution(s) and departments to which the work should be attributed, and the name, address, email, and telephone numbers (s) of the author responsible for correspondence about the manuscript. We also require the email addresses of ALL authors. On acceptance, the list of authors will not change.
The abstract must not exceed 250 words and must be structured as follows: Background, Objectives, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.
EQUATOR GUIDELINES
This should be on a separate page and not be more than ten printed lines (about 500 bytes).
Journal reference:
Oyedeji GA. Delayed sexual maturation in sickle cell anaemia patients-observations in one practice. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 1995; 15 (3): 197-201
Campbell JM, Machin D. Medical Statistics: a common sense approach. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993 References to personal communication, unpublished material or manuscripts in preparation or submitted, but not yet accepted, are discouraged.
Permission to reproduce borrowed material: Written permission to reproduce borrowed material (Illustrations, tables and figures) must be obtained from the original publishers and authors, and submitted with the manuscript. Borrowed material should be acknowledged in captions Conflict of interest disclosure Authors: African Health Sciences requires all authors to disclose conflict of interest.
According to the ICMJE (http://www.icmje.org/ethical_4conflicts.html), this includes “all financial and personal relationships that might bias their work”. The authors have to say “whether potential conflict does or does not exist.” African Health Sciences expects authors to declare presence or absence conflict of interest in the manuscript. This must be written on a separate page, giving detail where applicable, of the conflict of interest if it exists.
Before submitting your manuscript please make sure you have the following:
1. Covering (submission) letter
2. Corresponding author’s name, complete address, institution, title, telephone number, fax number, and e-mail.
3. Complete address, degrees, institution, title, telephone number, and e-mail for each author
4. Manuscript in Microsoft Word, or RTF
5. Conflict of interest disclosure
6. Proposed list of potential reviewers
Submission Preparation Checklist
As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission’s compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.
PUBLISHING ETHICS
African Health Sciences takes publishing ethics very seriously, and will investigate thoroughly any concerns or allegations of misconduct reported to the Journal. Any complaints should be sent via email to the Editor-in-Chief, Prof James K Tumwine (kabaleimc@gmail.com) OR the Deputy Editor-in-Chief Prof. Grace Ndeezi(gndeezi@gmail.com)
Plagiarism
A condition of submission is that the work is the author’s own; all listed authors approve the submitted manuscript; the work must be original; and the manuscript is not under consideration for publication elsewhere at any other journal. In order to ensure the originality of your article, it may be checked for similarity with previously published works, using Google Scholar text search and other literature checks. Any concerns about possible plagiarism will be investigated accordingly, and may lead to rejection or retraction of your manus
Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the About the Journal page for the journal's section policies, as well as the Author Guidelines. Authors need to register with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply log in and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: A. AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES OPEN ACCESS POLICYWhile African Health Sciences has been freely accessible online there have been questions on whether it is Open Access or not. We wish to clearly state that indeed African Health Sciences is Open Access. There are key issues regarding Open Access needing clarification for avoidance of doubt:
Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated.
B. ABRIDGED LICENCE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUTHORS AND African Health Sciences
I submitted my manuscript to African Health Sciences and would like to affirm that:
1.0 I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
2.0 I guarantee, on behalf of self and co-authors:
3.0 I and all co-authors, agree that the paper, if accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (see https://creativecommons.org/)
Invalid data type in setData:African Health Sciences is an open access, free online, internationally refereed journal publishing original articles on research, clinical practice, public health, policy, planning, implementation and evaluation, in the health and related sciences relevant to Africa and the tropics. African Health Sciences acknowledges support provided by the African Health Journals Partnership Project that is funded by the US National Institutes of Health (through the National Library of Medicine and the Fogarty International Center) and facilitated by the Council of Science Editors.
Indexed on MEDLINE/PUBMED; PUBMED CENTRAL; African Index Medicus; HINARI; Bioline; AJOL; Science Citation Index - Clarivate (Thompson Reuters) Impact factor (2021): 1.108. CiteScore (2018): 0.99.
Other websites related to this journal include: http://www.bioline.org.br/hs
And: https://africanhealthsciences.org/
African Health Sciences encourages authors to now submit their papers online to the following website: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/mums-ahs
Invalid data type in setData:Founder and Editor In Chief: James K Tumwine, Professor Emeritus, Makerere University; Kabale University, School of Medicine, Email: kabaleimc@gmail.com
Deputy Editor In Chief: Grace Ndeezi, Professor Makerere University, Email: gndeezi@gmail.com
Editors
Ogwal-Okeng, Lira University. Email: jogwal.okeng@gmail.com
Celestino Obua, Mbarara University of Science and Technology: celestino.obua@must.ac.ug, cobua1953@gmail.com
David Mukunya, Busitema University: Email: zebdaevid@gmail.com
Associate Editors:
Pauline Byakika, Makerere University. Email: pbyakika@gmail.com.
Paul Bangirana, Makerere University, Email: pbangirana@yahoo.com
Nicolette Nabukeera, Makerere University. Email: nicolettebarungi@gmail.com
Editorial Manager: Pauline Salamula
Copy Editor: Gloria Kaudha
Librarian: Alison Kinengyere
Intern: Moses Omita
Editorial Board
Thorkild Tylleskär, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,Norway. Email: Thorkild.Tylleskar@uib.no
Fikri M Abu-Zidan, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates. E-mail: fabuzidan@uaeu.ac.ae
Adamson Muula, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine; Malawi, Department of Public Health. Email: amuula@medcol.mw
Nelson K. Sewankambo; Makerere University, College of Health Sciences. Email: Sewankam@infocom.co.ug
Florence Mirembe, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda. Email: flomir2002@yahoo.com
Jeffrey Griffiths, Tufts Medical School, Department of Public Health; USA Email: jeffrey.griffiths@tufts.edu
Damalie Nakanjako, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University: Email: dnakanjako@gmail.com
Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see Open Journal Systems).Invalid data type in setData: A. AFRICAN HEALTH SCIENCES OPEN ACCESS POLICYWhile African Health Sciences has been freely accessible online there have been questions on whether it is Open Access or not. We wish to clearly state that indeed African Health Sciences is Open Access. There are key issues regarding Open Access needing clarification for avoidance of doubt:
Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated.
B. ABRIDGED LICENCE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUTHORS AND African Health Sciences
I submitted my manuscript to African Health Sciences and would like to affirm that:
1.0 I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
2.0 I guarantee, on behalf of self and co-authors:
3.0 I and all co-authors, agree that the paper, if accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (see https://creativecommons.org/)
Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. More...Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Health SciencesInvalid data type in setData:Henceforth, papers in African Health Sciences will be published under the CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution License) 4.0 International. See details on https://creativecomons.org/) 2. The copyright owners or the authors grant the 3rd party (perpetually and in advance) the right to disseminate, reproduce, or use the research papers in part or in full, format/medium as long as: No substantive errors are introduced in the process; Attribution of authorship and correct citation details are given; The referencing details are not changed. Should the papers be reproduced in part, this must be clearly stated. The papers will be freely and universally accessible online in an easily readable format such as XML in at least one widely recognized open access repository such as PUBMED CENTRAL.
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the Register link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's Privacy Statement which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: African Health SciencesInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: This journal is available in print.Background:. Few studies in Africa provide detailed descriptions of the vulnerabilities of female sex workers (FSWs) to violence.
Objective: To document the prevalence and types of violence experienced by FSWs, identify the risk factors of experiencing violence to women (VAW) and the perpetrators of these acts.
Methods: An analytical cross sectional survey of 305 brothel-based FSWs and in-depth interview of 20 chairpersons residing in brothels in Abuja, Nigeria was done.
Results: The prevalence of VAW six months preceding the survey was 52.5%. Sexual violence was the commonest type (41.9%) of violence experienced, followed by economic (37.7%), physical violence (35.7%) and psychological (31.9%). The main perpetrators of sexual violence were clients (63.8%) and brothel management (18.7%). Sexual violence was significantly more experienced (aOR 2.23; 95%CI 1.15-4.36) by older FSWs than their younger counterparts, by permanent brothel residents (aOR 2.08; 95%CI 1.22-3.55) and among those who had been in the sex industry for more than five years (aOR 2.01; 95%CI 0.98-4.10). Respondents with good knowledge levels of types of violence were less vulnerable to physical violence (aOR 0.45; 95%CI 0.26-0.77). Psychological violence was more likely among FSWs who smoked (aOR 2.16; 95%CI 1.26-3.81). Risk of economic violence decreased with educational levels (aOR 0.54; 95%CI 0.30-0.99 and aOR 0.42; 95%CI 0.22-0.83 for secondary and post secondary respectively). Consequences of the violence included sexually transmitted infections (20%) and HIV (8.0%).
Conclusion: Interventions that educate FSWs on their rights and enable them avoid violence are urgently required. Young women need economic and educational empowerments to enable them avoid sex work.
Key words: female sex workers, violence against women, brothel based sex workers, prostitution in Africa
Invalid data type in setData: Prevalence and correlates of violence against female sex workers in Abuja, NigeriaInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: FawoleInvalid data type in setData: OIInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: DagunduroInvalid data type in setData: ATInvalid data type in setData: female sex workersInvalid data type in setData: violence against womenInvalid data type in setData: brothel based sex workersInvalid data type in setData: prostitution in AfricaInvalid data type in setData: enInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData:Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change & under-development.
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